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Neuroscience 111 > Mental Disorders > Flashcards

Mental Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are mood and anxiety disorders?

A

Extremes in brain states

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2
Q

What is schizophrenia in simple terms?

A

A loss of contact with reality, a disrupt or of thought, perception, mood, and movement

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3
Q

How common is schizophrenia? How about likelihood between sexes?

A

~1% in adults, 2x more likely in men

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4
Q

When does schizophrenia usually show in men?

A

Adolescence

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5
Q

When does schizophrenia usually show in females?

A

Later in life

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6
Q

What are the 3 symptom clusters for schizophrenia?

A

Positive, negative, and cognitive

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7
Q

Are all 3 clusters of symptoms exhibited by patients at one time?

A

No

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8
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Symptoms that are NOT present in healthy people
- delusions
- hallucinations

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9
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Impairments of normal functions
- reduced expression of emotion
- social withdrawal
- impoverished thought and speech
- lack of motivation

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10
Q

What are cognitive symptoms?

A

Impairment to working memory and executive function (so hard to treat)

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11
Q

How important is genetics in schizophrenia?

A

REALLY fucking important

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12
Q

What percent of identical twins get schizophrenia?

A

50%

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13
Q

Why don’t 100% of twins get schizophrenia?

A

Other factors need to turn the harmful genes on

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14
Q

What are other factors affecting schizophrenia?

A

Epigenetics and environmental factors (like drugs n shit)

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15
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Schizophrenia is caused by too MUCH dopamine (believed cus drugs that release tons of dopamine cause psychotic effects)

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16
Q

What are treatments that target the dopamine hypothesis?

A

D2 receptor antagonists

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17
Q

What is the Dopamine Imbalance Hypothesis?

A

Too much DA in the Mesolithic DA pathway and too little in the mesocortical DA pathway

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18
Q

What does the Substantia Nigra do?

A

Project axons to the striatum, initiate voluntary movement, degeneration of which causes PD

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19
Q

What is the VTA?

A

Ventral tagmental area

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20
Q

What two pathways do the VTA give rise to?

A

Mesolithic DA system (to nucleus accumbens which plays a part in reward and addiction)
Mesocortical dopamine system which goes to the prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

What is the neuro developmental hypothesis?

A

Early life stresses increase risk of schizophrenia

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22
Q

What is the evidence for the neuro developmental hypothesis?

A

Patients showing less gray matter in prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus, and enlarged ventricles which many believe happen during in utero

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23
Q

What are some of treatments for schizophrenia?

A
  • antipsychotic drugs (diminish positive symptoms)
  • no meds benefit the cognitive symptoms
  • d2 receptor antagonists
  • Lithium
  • 2nd and 3rd gen APs
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24
Q

What are some symptoms of D2 receptor antagonists?

A
  • dystopia (muscle spasms)
  • akathisia (motor restlessness)
  • Parkinsonism (rigidity and tremor)
  • tardive dyskinesia (jerky movements)
25
Q

What are some 2nd generation APs?

A
  • 5 HT and D2 antagonists
  • better side effects
  • works on positive AND negative symptoms
26
Q

What are some third generation APs?

A

Partial agonists of D2 receptors
- use supported by DA imbalance hypothesis

27
Q

What percent of the population has an anxiety disorder?

A

15-20%

28
Q

Is anxiety genetic?

A

It tends to express in families

29
Q

What characterizes anxiety disorders?

A

An inappropriate expression of fear that prevents normal function

30
Q

What are 4 types of anxiety disorders?

A

Panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorders, and phobias

31
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Adrenal

32
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in regards to anxiety?

A

It releases corticotropin releasing hormone in response to stress

33
Q

What does the pituitary gland do in regards to anxiety?

A

Releases a hormone in response to CRH

34
Q

What does the adrenal gland do in regards to anxiety?

A

Releases cortisol which triggers fight or flight in response to the hormone the pituitary released

35
Q

How do the amygdala and hippocampus regulate the HPA axis?

A

In a push pull fashion
Amygdala - excites HPA
Hippocampus - inhibits HPA
Cortisol - Excites hippocampus

36
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

Theyre a sedative-hypnotic class of CNS
- sedates and decreases cognitive function
- acts on GABA receptors
- enhances GABA receptors
- suppresses stress response

37
Q

What do SSRIs do?

A

Prolong actions of synaptic 5-HT by BLOCKING reuptake
- takes a while to work
- does not work for acute episodes
- side effects: feeling sick, insomnia, loss of libido

38
Q

Describe OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts and compulsions

39
Q

What are some characteristics of OCD?

A

Intrusive thoughts that are recurring
Repetitive rituals regarding your obsession
Feel no control over them

40
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Having lots of flashbacks about a traumatic event that can lead to avoidance of stimuli, emotional distress, irritability, and increased suicide and substance abuse

41
Q

What do both anxiety disorders and affective disorders have in common?

A

Negative emotional states, overlapping risk factors, and 60% of patients with MDD suffering from an anxiety disorder, and anxiety often precedes depression

42
Q

What defines MDD?

A

Recurring episodes of dysphasia and negative thinking

43
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis?

A

That mood disorders come from depleted levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

44
Q

What supports the monoamine hypothesis?

A

MAO inhibitors working and reserpine GIVING depression (cus it decreases those levels)

45
Q

What are the limitations of the monoamine hypothesis?

A

Antidepressants take a while to work even though they affect NT’s immediately, other drugs increase NTs but not good for antidepressants

46
Q

What are some treatments MDD?

A

Psychotherapy and antidepressants

47
Q

What are 4 types of antidepressants?

A

Tricyclics (reuptake inhibitors of 5-HT and norep)
MAOIs (Inhibit breakdown of NTs)
SSRIs and SNRIs (prevents 5-HT reuptake)
Atypical antidepressants

48
Q

What are ECT and DBS?

A

ECT - shocks
DBS - electrodes placed in the head to stimulate BA25 to release NT

49
Q

What are the two types of Bipolar Disorder?

A

Manic and hypomanic

50
Q

What is the difference between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2?

A

1: Manic episodes (with or without)
2: associated w MDD

51
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Increase in efficiency, accomplishment, and creativity

52
Q

Can mania or hyper mania contain psychotic symptoms?

A

Mania

53
Q

What are some treatments of BPD?

A

Lithium, anticonvulsants, and atypical antipsychotics

54
Q

What pathway is involved in substance use disorders?

A

Mesolimbic DA Pathways

55
Q

What are the two important organs in the mesolimbic DA pathway?

A

VTA and NAcc, important for reward and reinforcing effects

56
Q

What are 3 treatments for Alcohol?

A

Antabuse (blocks breakdown of alcohol and gets u sick)
Natlrexone (opioid receptor antagonist)
Acamprosate (helps withdrawal)

57
Q

What are 3 treatments for opioids?

A

Methadone (substitute but reduces the high)
Suboxone (substitutes but reduces high)
Naltrexone (antagonist that prevents high)

58
Q

What’s a treatment for cigarette smoking?

A

Nicotine replacement therapy

Neuroscience 111 (14 decks)

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