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Neuroscience 111 > Eyeballs > Flashcards

Eyeballs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sclera?

A

White of the eye

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2
Q

How does the eye move in orbit?

A

3 extra ocular muscles

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the lens?

A

Aqueous humor and vitreous humor

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4
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

Nourishes cornea and is watery

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5
Q

What does the vitreous humor do?

A

Keep eye spherical, is 80% of the eyeball, and has phagocytic cells that remove debris

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6
Q

What is the choroid?

A

The capillary bed that provides blood to the photoreceptors

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7
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

Ability to distinguish two points that are close to each other (depends on space of photoreceptors)

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8
Q

Where do photoreceptors sit?

A

Pigment epithelium

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9
Q

What does the pigment epithelium do?

A

Reduces backscatter and renews photopigments and phagocytoses photoreceptor disks

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10
Q

What is the reflective layer beneath the photoreceptor layer?

A

Tapetum lucidum (causes eye shine)

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11
Q

Are there more rods or cones?

A

Rods (18x more)

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12
Q

What is contained in the membranous disks of photoreceptors?

A

Opsins

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13
Q

What photopigment is contained in rods?

A

Rhodopsin

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14
Q

Are cones or rods more sensitive to light?

A

Rods are 1000x more sensitive

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15
Q

What type of photopigment do cones have?

A

3, one for each color (blue, green, red)

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16
Q

What does scotopic mean?

A

Darkness lightning, relies on rods

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17
Q

What does photopic mean?

A

Daytime lighting, mostly cones

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18
Q

What photoreceptor is 100% present in the fovea

A

Cones

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19
Q

What is the ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells in the fovea?

A

1:1

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20
Q

What type of vision is the fovea best at seeing?

A

High rest vision

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21
Q

Are there more rods or cones in the peripheral retina?

A

Rods

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22
Q

What type of lighting is the peripheral retina best at seeing?

A

Dim light

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23
Q

How is a visual pigment molecule formed? (The components)

A

A chromophore (11-cis retinal) and an opsin

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24
Q

Why is 11-cis retinal important

A

It changes shape when hit with light

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25
Q

What is an opsin?

A

A GPCR

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26
Q

Are rods depolarized or or hyper polarized in the dark?

A

Depolarized, steady Na+ flow inside

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27
Q

What are the Na+ channels in the rods gated by?

A

CGMP, produced by guanylyl cyclase

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28
Q

What happens when light hits the photoreceptors

A

Rhodopsin is stimulated, activates transducin, transducin actives PDE, PDE turn cGMP into GMP, Na+ leaves the cell and causes the cell to be hyperpolarized

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29
Q

What receptors are on ON bipolar cells?

A

mGluR6, causes depolarization when glutamate isn’t present

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30
Q

What receptors are on OFF bipolar cells?

A

AMPA receptors, causes hyperpolarization when glutamate is present

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31
Q

What do horizontal cells do?

A

Inhibit the center photoreceptor with GABA-like NTs (only when glutamate hits the horiz cells)

32
Q

What is the emphasis of contrasting light and dark edges called?

A

Luminance contrast

33
Q

What are the 3 types of ganglion cells?

A

M-type, P-type, nonM-nonP type ganglion cells

34
Q

What are some characteristics of M cells?

A

Larger receptive fields, APs are faster, low rest vision contribution, fires via transient bursts

35
Q

What are some characteristics P cells?

A

Smaller receptive fields, high res vision contribution, fire sustained APs

36
Q

What are the % populations of each of the retinal ganglion cells?

A

90% P-type, 5% M-type, 5% nonM-nonP type

37
Q

What are the color opponents combinations?

A

Blue/Yellow and Green/Red

38
Q

What are the Retinal ganglion cells that respond to sunlight and aid circadian rhythms?

A

IpRGCs

39
Q

What is the opsin in ipRGCs?

A

Melanopsin

40
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

A partial decussation of the optic nerves

41
Q

What crosses the optic chiasm? Temporal or Nasal?

A

Nasal

42
Q

Where to ganglion cell axons terminate?

A

LGN (located in thalamus)

43
Q

What does the Suprechaismatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus do?

A

Controls circadian rhythms

44
Q

Where is the pretectum? What does it control?

A

Between thalamus and midbrain, controls pupil size

45
Q

What does the superior colliculus do?

A

Orients eye towards new stimuli, basically moving ur eye towards something the brain finds interesting

46
Q

What’s the difference between visual field and hemifield?

A

Visual field is the entire region ur eyes see straight ahead, the hemifield is the imaginary halves of ur vision

47
Q

What side of the brain does the left hemifield project to?

A

Right

48
Q

What side of the brain does the right hemifield project to?

A

Left

49
Q

What would a lesion to the left optic nerve do?

A

No vision in left periphery

50
Q

What would a lesion in the left optic track do?

A

No vision in the right hemifield

51
Q

What would happen if you lesion the optic chiasm?

A

All periphery would be lost

52
Q

How many layers are there in the LGN?

A

6

53
Q

What layers are ipsilateral in the LGN?

A

2, 3, and 5

54
Q

What layers are contralateral in the LGN?

A

Layers 1,4, and 6

55
Q

What layers in the LGN are M-type?

A

1 and 2

56
Q

What layers in the LGN are P-type?

A

3-6

57
Q

Are M-type or P-type ganglion cells sensitive to differences in wavelength?

A

P-type

58
Q

What is the Primary Visual Cortex?

A

V1

59
Q

What area in the retina is overrepresented in V1?

A

Central retina (aka fovea)

60
Q

What is the breakdown on the 6 (really 9) layers of V1?

A

Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4A
Layer 4B
Layer 4Ca
Layer 4Cb
Layer 5
Layer 6

61
Q

Which layer is the primary recipient of LGN afferents?

A

4C

62
Q

What is contained in layer 4C?

A

Spiny Stellate cells which make connections within the cortex

63
Q

What layers are pyramidal cells found in?

A

Layer 3, Layer 4B, Layer 5, Layer 6

64
Q

What do the pyramidal cells do in V1?

A

Send axons OUT of V1

65
Q

Which sub layer in Layer 4C are M-cell LGN neurons?

A

Alpha

66
Q

Which sub layer in Layer 4 are P-type LGN neurons in?

A

Beta

67
Q

What are the intra-cortical connections?

A

Layer 4Ca -> Layer 4B & Layer 4Cb -> Layer 3

68
Q

Which neurons are binocular?

A

Most neurons outside of layer 4C

69
Q

What is the word for being able to recognize depth perception?

A

Stereopsis

70
Q

Where do Layer 2, 3, and 4B project to?

A

Other cortical areas

71
Q

Where does Layer 5 project to?

A

Superior colliculus and pons

72
Q

Where does Layer 6 project to?

A

Back to the LGN

73
Q

What is a neuron being more sensitive to one orientation called?

A

Orientation selectivity

74
Q

What are subsets of cells that are sensitive called? ____ selective

A

Direction

75
Q

What type of neuron is synonymous for being direction selectivity?

A

M-type (think: motion)

76
Q

What is the dorsal stream meant for?

A

Navigation, directing eye movements, motion perception (basically movement, M-type cells)

77
Q

What is the ventral stream for?

A

Facial recognition, shape and colors, and potentially visual perception and visual memory (P-type cells)

Neuroscience 111 (14 decks)

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