Menstrual Cycle And Ovulation

Question 1

Meiotic Arrest is at what

Answer 1

Prophase 1 (all oocytes I am born with)

• until LH surge
• they hav high levels of cAMP

Question 2

When does the oocyte finish meiosis 1 and then meiotic arrest at metaphase 2

Answer 2

When the oocyte is chosen as the graffian follicle
* on polar body is extruded
This cell has high levels of MAPK proteins

Question 3

Second meiotic arrest is at

Answer 3

Metaphase 2

Question 4

When does the oocyte finish meiosis 2 (from its arrest at metaphase2)

Answer 4

When the oocyte is fertilized

• MAPK degeneration
• 2nd polar body is extruded

Question 5

Primary follicles

Answer 5

Meiosis 1 prophase 1
Singles layer of pregranulosa cells
* ovarian reserve and only 400-500 continue on to meiosis 2
Many undergo atresia

Question 6

The granulosa cells of the primary oocyte secrete what

Answer 6

ZP proteins that sperm can bind to

Question 7

Secondary follicle

Answer 7

Still primary oocyte rounded by 3-6 layers of granulosa cells
Secrete factors to make thecal cells

Question 8

What happens when a secondary follicle progresses

Answer 8

Increased vascularization (vascular reef) 
ZP is fully formed

Question 9

Pre-natural follicular development

Answer 9

Some endocrine function having FSH and LH receptors

Thecal cells are made more fully—> some E

Question 10

Antra Follicular Development

Answer 10

Granulosa proliferate and 3 types

More H released (midfollicular phase)

Question 11

Which granulosa cells have gap junctions and adhesion for communication

Answer 11

Cumulus oophorus and corona radiata

Question 12

Which granulosa cells are steroidogenic and what is the biggest secretion

Answer 12

Mural granulosa , Progesterone

Question 13

Which cell has fully receptors for LH and FSH

Answer 13

Antral follicle

Question 14

What does LH do

Answer 14

1. Early follicular development :
   Goes to Thecal internal cells
   Makes Androstenedione + Testosterone (androgens)
2. CL development :
   Goes to Mural + Thecal cells ——> Progesterone

Question 15

What does FSH do

Answer 15

Goes to Granulosa cells

Aromatizes androstenedione—> Estrogen

Question 16

Later in the antral follicle stage

Answer 16

The oocytes become competent to complete meiosis 1 when LH surge happens
(It has cdk-1 and cyclin B proteins)

Question 17

What causes selection of the dominant follicle

Answer 17

Oocyte most sensitive to FSH which becomes graffian follicle

Question 18

What do mural cells secrete

Answer 18

ESTROGEN + Inhibin B

= causes FSH to decline , so cell with most sensitivity (most receptors) becomes dominant

Question 19

Inhibin effect

Answer 19

——I FSH

Question 20

Periovulatory Period

Answer 20

Onset of LH surge to ovulation

Thecal and mural cells change = MAKE PROGESTERONE

Question 21

CL as what things

Answer 21

A lot of LH receptors

= make P

Question 22

How does the LH surge cause the oocyte to be able to break through

Answer 22

Thecal and granulosa cells release hydrolytic enzymes

Question 23

What happens to the CL initially

Answer 23

Increased BF to survive a secrete P (by cholesterol stores)

= corpus hemorrhagicum

Question 24

What causes the CL to survive

Answer 24

HCG

—> binds to LH and continue secreting P

Question 25

Reason CL secretes P and another H it also secretes if Pregnant

Answer 25

To transform uterus to a supportive structure | Inhibin A ——I FSH

Question 26

2 H that are low after ovulation and beginning of CL

Answer 26

LH and FSH

Question 27

During atresia what cell persists

Answer 27

Thecal cells with LH receptors = make androgens | * becomes the interstitial gland of ovary

Question 28

GnRH is released pulsitile which causes what

Answer 28

LH and FSH released pulsitile with more each time | If constant GnRH = no LH and FSH

Question 29

What caused AP to get super sensitive to GnRH and secrete more LH and FSH

Answer 29

The high Estrogen level

Question 30

What secretes Inhibin

Answer 30

Granulosa cells from FSH activation | This ——I FSH secretion from AP *choose dominant follicle with most R.

Question 31

Activin

Answer 31

Made by granulosa cells by FSH activation to INCREASE FSH | + feedback (after the dominant follicle is chosen)

Question 32

What causes the very high E

Answer 32

Thecal cells that aromatizes a lot of androstenedione in granulosa cells

Question 33

What causes decrease of LH and FSH after LH surge

Answer 33

CL secretes some estrogen,inhibin, progesterone——I them

Question 34

What causes slight increase in FSH at very end of cycle and LH/FSH (AP) sensitivity to GnRH to come back

Answer 34

The death of CL (NO E and I or P)

Question 35

Preovulatory Body Temp

Answer 35

Stable

Question 36

When does body temp increase

Answer 36

Past ovulation when P is made by CL (1-1.5days after ovulation)

Question 37

If no pregnancy what happens to body temp

Answer 37

In decreases before bleeding happens again (no P)

Question 38

E and endometrium

Answer 38

Proliferation

Question 39

P and endometrium

Answer 39

Differentiation to secretory state (temporary) - more BVs and glycogen, glands If pregnancy uterus undergoes DECIDUATION

Question 40

Which cells become decidual cells

Answer 40

The stromal cells in the endometrium

Question 41

Menopause When Why

Answer 41

At 12mo post last cycle (51.4yr) LOW estrogen LOW Inhibin (from decrease in follicular cells) ——> LH and FSH remain high

Question 42

Menopause | How to Dx:

Answer 42

Higher FSH, due to no -feedback

Question 43

Pre-menopause | Sx:

Answer 43

``` Irreg periods Vagina dryness Hot flash Sleep probs Mood changes Weight gain Dry skin Loss of breast fullness ```

Question 44

Some Tx: for managing pre-menopause/menopause Sx:

Answer 44

Estrogen therapy - osteoporosis Vaginal estrogen Anti-depressants low dose Gabapentin - hot flashes