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Bio 5C > Mendelian Gentics And Beyond > Flashcards

Mendelian Gentics And Beyond Flashcards

1
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of genotype; physical appearance (tall or short)

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2
Q

Inheritance

A

How traits are passed from parents to offspring

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3
Q

Blending model

A

Idea that genetic material from two parents blends together; leads to loss of variation; incorrect model

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4
Q

Particulate model

A

Idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units called genes; correct model

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5
Q

True breeding

A

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

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6
Q

F1 generation

A

All plants were purple (heterozygous); showed that the blending model was not correct

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7
Q

F2 generation

A

3 purple : 1 white; factor for white flowers (recessive gene) was not diluted or destroyed because it reappeared in the F2 generation; consistent w/ particulate model

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8
Q

Genes

A

Discrete heritable units on chromosomes

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9
Q

What were the six characters of plants that Mendel observed?

A

Flower color (purple or white), seed color (yellow or green), seed shape (round or wrinkled), pod color (green or yellow), pod shape (inflated or constricted), flower position (axial or terminal), and stem length (tall or dwarf)

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10
Q

The particulate model currently recognizes that ___ are the hereditable units

A

Genes

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11
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative versions of genes (dominant or recessive)

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12
Q

Which allele is expressed over the other?

A

Dominant

Homozygous dominant and heterozygous will express the dominant trait

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13
Q

Genotype

A

Organism’s genetic makeup (RR or rr)

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14
Q

Diploid

A

Organisms w/ two copies of each chromosome

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15
Q

Homozygote

A

Organism w/ two identical alleles

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

Organism w/ two different alleles

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17
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

The two alleles for each character segregate (separate) during gamete production such that 50% of gametes receive one allele and 50% receive the other allele

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18
Q

Gamete

A

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, that is formed by meiosis

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19
Q

Mendel used true breeding plants as the parents in his experiments. Which of the following characteristics describe true breeding plants:

They have dominant traits
They have recessive traits
They are heterozygous
They are homozygous
Both A and D

A

They are homozygous

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20
Q

What are the two laws of probability Mendel used?

A

Multiplication Rule and Addition Rule

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21
Q

Multiplication Rule

A

The probability that both of two independent events will occur is the product of the probability of their separate occurrences; look for “AND”

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22
Q

What is the probability of rolling a 1 AND then a 4 on two subsequent die rolls?

A

1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36

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23
Q

Addition Rule

A

The probability of an event that can occur in two or more mutually exclusive ways is the sum of the probability of their separate occurrences; look for “OR”

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24
Q

What is the probability of drawing a king OR queen from a deck of cards?

A

1/13 + 1/13 = 2/13 (15%)

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25
Q

Punnet squares

A

Measure the probability if genotypic outcomes (monohybrid crosses or dihybrid crosses)

26
Q

If you cross a purple pea that is heterozygous (Pp) w/ a white pea (pp), what ratio of phenotypes will you see in the offspring?

A

50% purple, 50% white

27
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for two heterozygous parents of a dihybrid cross (YyRr x YyRr)

A

9:3:3:1

28
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation; only applies to genes on different, non homologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome

29
Q

Difference between genes located on different non homologous chromosomes and genes on the same chromosome?

A

Genes located on the same chromosome tend to inherited together

30
Q

A pea plant is heterozygous at the independent loci for flower color (Pp) and seed color (Yy). What types of gametes can it produce?

A

4 gamete types: pY, py, PY, and Py

31
Q

Multi character cross

A

Equivalent to two or more independent monohybrid crosses occurring simultaneously

32
Q

How do you solve a multi character cross?

A

Find the probabilities of each trait using individual punnet squares and then use multiplication rule

33
Q

For the cross aaBbCC x AaBbcc, what is the probability of an offspring w/ the genotype aaBBCc?

A

1/8

34
Q

When could inheritance of characters by a single gene deviate from simple Mendelian patterns?

A

When alleles are not completely dominant or recessive, when a gene has more than two alleles, and when a gene produces multiple phenotypes

35
Q

Complete dominance

A

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygous and dominant homozygous are identical; normal

The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygous and dominate homozygous are indistinguishable

36
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties; cross between a red flower and a white flower produces a pink flower; F2 generation produces a 1:2:1 phenotypic ratio (2 pink)

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

37
Q

Codominance

A

Two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

Ex: cow hides are red or white
Red: RrRr
White: RwRw

A cow with RrRw has both red and white spots

Ex: human MN blood had different surfaces

LnLm has both M and N molecules on the surface of the red blood cells

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygous because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

38
Q

Recessively inherited disorders

A

Show up only in individuals homozygous for the recessive allele (aa); most individuals w/ recessive disorders are born to carrier parents

39
Q

Carriers

A

Heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

40
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Caused by a gene that had two alleles; one normal allele produces a functional enzyme, while the other mutant allele does not

At the organism level, mutant allele is recessive

At the biochemical level (enzyme activity), the alleles are incompletely dominant

At the molecular level (enzyme type), the alleles are codominant

41
Q

Polydactly

A

Condition of having extra fingers and toes is caused by a dominant allele; having a dominant allele is less common than the recessive allele in populations of humans and other animals

42
Q

What are the genotypes for the different ABO blood groups?

A

A: IAIA or IAi

B: IBIB or IBi

AB: IAIB

O: ii

43
Q

What is the dominance relationship between the alleles for ABO blood type?

IA and IB are incompletely dominant
IA and IB are codominant
IA and IB are dominate to I
B and C are correct

A

B and C are correct

44
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects; responsible for cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease

45
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Recessive condition; disease allele codes for abnormal hemoglobin that causes sickle cell shaped red blood cells; symptoms include physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis; heterozygous are less susceptible to the malaria parasite

46
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene affects the phenotype of another due to interaction of their gene products

47
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Multiple genes independent affect a single trait

48
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

Ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment; Ex: hydrangeas grown in basic soul are pink while hydrangeas grown in acidic soil are blue

49
Q

Multifactorial

A

Traits that depend on multiple genes combined w/ environmental influences; Ex: skin, heart disease, cancer, and alcholism

50
Q

Which two tests do geneticists perform to determine which loci are responsible for human characters?

A

Pedigrees and association studies

51
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

52
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given gene

53
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

54
Q

Recessive

A

An allele whose phenotypic effect is observed in a heterozygotes

55
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for a character (or the self pollination of a heterozygous plant)

56
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters)

57
Q

Qualitative character

A

A heritable feature that varies in an either or fashion

58
Q

Quantitative character

A

A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either or fashion

59
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

60
Q

Pedigree

A

A family tree that describes the inheritance of a trait across generations

61
Q

Association study

A

Data to correlate genotypes and phenotypes across many many individuals

62
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation when it is incomplete dominance?

A

1:2:1

Bio 5C (19 decks)

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