Memory - Short Term Memory

Question 1

What does the primacy effect in the serial position curve suggest?

1) It is due to the limited capacity of short-term memory
2) It is influenced by rehearsal transferring information to long-term memory
3) It reflects sensory memory performance
4) It demonstrates interference effects

Answer 1

It is influenced by rehearsal transferring information to long-term memory

Question 2

What is a key finding about rehearsal in memory, according to Glenberg et al. (1977)?

1) Rehearsal is both necessary and sufficient for long-term storage
2) Rehearsal can improve memory but is neither necessary nor sufficient
3) Rehearsal does not influence memory performance
4) Rehearsal enhances memory only for sensory input

Answer 2

Rehearsal can improve memory but is neither necessary nor sufficient

Question 3

What does Baddeley & Hitch’s (1974) working memory model propose?

1) A single short-term memory system
2) Separate systems for verbal and spatial materials
3) A storage-only function for the central executive
4) Memory processing depends solely on sensory input

Answer 3

Separate systems for verbal and spatial materials

Question 4

What is the role of the phonological loop in Baddeley’s model?

1) Governing visuospatial information
2) Encoding verbal and auditory information
3) Maintaining episodic memories
4) Managing semantic judgements

Answer 4

Encoding verbal and auditory information

Question 5

What is the significance of the word length effect?

1) Recall span is lower for shorter words
2) Long words take more rehearsal time, reducing recall span
3) Phonological encoding does not affect recall
4) Visual presentation eliminates this effect

Answer 5

Long words take more rehearsal time, reducing recall span

Question 6

What is the primary function of the central executive?

1) Storing episodic information
2) Controlling attentional resources and schemas
3) Processing phonological similarity
4) Storing spatial images

Answer 6

Controlling attentional resources and schemas

Question 7

Which task is commonly used to test the central executive?

1) Word length recall
2) Visual recognition test
3) Random number generation
4) Memory for nonsense syllables

Answer 7

Random number generation

Question 8

What does the episodic buffer in the working memory model account for?

1) Emotional information
2) Integration of information from different subsystems
3) Maintenance of spatial details
4) Short-term rehearsal

Answer 8

Integration of information from different subsystems

Question 9

What is the capacity limit of short-term memory, according to Miller’s (1956) findings?

1) 3 ± 1 items
2) 5 ± 2 items
3) 7 ± 2 items
4) 10 ± 3 items

Answer 9

7 ± 2 items

Question 10

What did Conrad & Hull (1964) find about phonological similarity?

1) Recall improves for similar-sounding words
2) Similar-sounding words impair recall even when visually presented
3) Phonological encoding does not influence recall
4) Recall is unaffected by word similarity

Answer 10

Similar-sounding words impair recall even when visually presented

Question 11

What phenomenon does the irrelevant speech effect demonstrate?

1) Recall is enhanced by background noise
2) Simultaneous speech impairs memory recall
3) Spatial tasks are unaffected by verbal interference
4) Recall improves for visually presented words

Answer 11

Simultaneous speech impairs memory recall

Question 12

What evidence supports a multicomponent model of working memory?

1) Tasks requiring similar resources interfere with each other
2) Short-term memory processes only verbal information
3) Spatial tasks do not affect verbal memory
4) There is no interference between verbal and spatial tasks

Answer 12

Tasks requiring similar resources interfere with each other

Question 13

What is a proposed alternative to distinguishing short-term and long-term memory?

1) Memory is entirely sensory-based
2) Short-term memory is the currently activated part of long-term memory
3) There is no role for attention in memory processing
4) Short-term memory operates independently of long-term memory

Answer 13

Short-term memory is the currently activated part of long-term memory

Question 14

What role does the supervisory attentional system (SAS) play in the central executive?

1) Storing long-term episodic memories
2) Directly activating or inhibiting action schemas
3) Encoding phonological details
4) Processing spatial inputs

Answer 14

Directly activating or inhibiting action schemas

Question 15

What does the dual-task interference study by Brooks (1968) suggest?

1) Verbal and spatial tasks share the same resources
2) Verbal and spatial tasks rely on separate resources
3) Spatial tasks do not interfere with one another
4) Verbal tasks are immune to interference

Answer 15

Verbal and spatial tasks rely on separate resources

Question 16

What happens during failures of the supervisory attentional system (SAS)?

1) Individuals become better at multitasking
2) Action schemas are automatically activated
3) Behaviour becomes more deliberate and controlled
4) Memory storage is entirely unaffected

Answer 16

Action schemas are automatically activated

Question 17

What challenge does the classical working memory model face?

1) It cannot account for episodic memory integration
2) It relies too heavily on sensory input processing
3) It overlooks differences between verbal and spatial tasks
4) It underestimates the role of attention in memory

Answer 17

It cannot account for episodic memory integration

Question 18

What does the embedded process model of memory propose?

1) Short-term and long-term memory are entirely separate systems
2) Short-term memory is the currently activated part of long-term memory
3) Sensory memory is the foundation of all recall
4) There is no distinction between memory types

Answer 18

Short-term memory is the currently activated part of long-term memory

Question 19

What did Brooks (1967) find about visuospatial and verbal memory?

1) Verbal memory is superior to visuospatial memory
2) Spatial memory spans are longer than verbal spans
3) Verbal tasks interfere with spatial tasks more than vice versa
4) Spatial tasks are unaffected by verbal interference

Answer 19

Spatial memory spans are longer than verbal spans

Question 20

What does the feature model by Nairne (2002) emphasize?

1) Separate stores for short-term and long-term memory
2) Memory as attention rather than distinct stores
3) Working memory’s reliance on sensory inputs
4) The role of rehearsal in memory processing

Answer 20

Memory as attention rather than distinct stores