Introduction To Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

What does cognitive psychology study?

1) Only observable behavior
2) Unconscious mental processes
3) Mental functions like perception, attention, and reasoning
4) The physiology of the brain

Answer 1

Mental functions like perception, attention, and reasoning

Question 2

Which historical figure founded the first psychology laboratory?

1) William James
2) Wilhelm Wundt
3) John Watson
4) B.F. Skinner

Answer 2

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 3

What is the main focus of structuralism?

1) Observing behavior without interpretation
2) Combining basic elements of experience to understand the whole
3) Understanding how the brain processes information
4) Conditioning responses to stimuli

Answer 3

Combining basic elements of experience to understand the whole

Question 4

Ebbinghaus’ memory experiments introduced the concept of:

1) Reaction times
2) Operant conditioning
3) Savings in memory
4) Cognitive mapping

Answer 4

Savings in memory

Question 5

What method did William James use in his studies of mental processes?

1) Analytic introspection
2) Experimental conditioning
3) Observational techniques
4) Qualitative analysis

Answer 5

Analytic introspection

Question 6

What was John Watson’s critique of analytic introspection?

1) It relied on subjective measures
2) It used animals instead of humans
3) It ignored cognitive processes
4) It emphasized physiology over behavior

Answer 6

It relied on subjective measures

Question 7

What is the key principle of operant conditioning?

1) Mental processes govern behavior
2) Behavior is strengthened through reinforcers
3) Memory savings predict future behavior
4) Mental maps guide decision-making

Answer 7

Behavior is strengthened through reinforcers

Question 8

Tolman’s cognitive map challenged behaviorism by showing:

1) Conditioning alone cannot explain learning
2) Operant conditioning strengthens cognitive processes
3) Rats cannot navigate mazes without rewards
4) Mental processes are irrelevant in learning

Answer 8

Conditioning alone cannot explain learning

Question 9

The cognitive revolution was influenced by:

1) The development of behaviorism
2) The introduction of the digital computer
3) Advances in introspection techniques
4) The popularity of operant conditioning

Answer 9

The introduction of the digital computer

Question 10

Who coined the term “artificial intelligence”?

1) Noam Chomsky
2) John McCarthy
3) Alan Turing
4) Herbert Simon

Answer 10

John McCarthy

Question 11

Chomsky’s critique of Skinner emphasized:

1) Innate mental structures in language acquisition
2) The importance of reinforcement in language learning
3) The relevance of introspection to language studies
4) The universality of behavioral responses

Answer 11

Innate mental structures in language acquisition

Question 12

Neisser’s book on cognitive psychology introduced:

1) Behavioral conditioning
2) The information processing approach
3) Operant reinforcement
4) Neural network modeling

Answer 12

The information processing approach

Question 13

What is the information processing approach?

1) Viewing the brain as a network of neurons
2) Studying stimulus-response relationships
3) Analyzing mental processes like a computer system
4) Focusing on observable data only

Answer 13

Analyzing mental processes like a computer system

Question 14

How are mental processes studied in cognitive psychology?

1) Through direct observation
2) Using subjective self-reports
3) By inferring them from observable events
4) Exclusively through neural recordings

Answer 14

By inferring them from observable events

Question 15

What does reaction time measure in cognitive experiments?

1) The speed of memory recall
2) How quickly participants respond to a stimulus
3) The accuracy of decision-making
4) Emotional reactivity

Answer 15

How quickly participants respond to a stimulus

Question 16

Neuropsychology focuses on:

1) Animal behavior
2) The effects of brain damage on cognition
3) The speed of neural communication
4) Artificial intelligence modeling

Answer 16

The effects of brain damage on cognition

Question 17

Which method combines behavior and brain activity measurement?

1) Neurophysiology
2) Cognitive neuroscience
3) Computational modeling
4) Classical conditioning

Answer 17

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 18

Computational models of process often focus on:

1) Neural structures
2) Memory interactions
3) Behavioral reinforcements
4) Cognitive appraisal

Answer 18

Memory interactions

Question 19

What event marked the beginning of the cognitive revolution?

1) Skinner’s operant conditioning studies
2) Introduction of the digital computer
3) Publication of Watson’s behaviorist manifesto
4) Tolman’s maze experiments

Answer 19

Introduction of the digital computer

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a technique used in modern cognitive psychology?

1) Analytic introspection
2) Eye movement tracking
3) Neural recordings
4) Reaction time analysis

Answer 20

Analytic introspection