Attention 2

Question 1

What does Treisman’s “leakage” theory suggest?

1) Irrelevant information is completely blocked
2) Irrelevant information is attenuated but can still activate concepts in long-term memory
3) Relevant information cannot be fully processed
4) Attention is unlimited in capacity

Answer 1

Irrelevant information is attenuated but can still activate concepts in long-term memory

Question 2

What does the “spillover” concept imply about attention?

1) Attention resources are unlimited
2) Attention always remains focused on the relevant channel
3) Excess attention resources spill over to the irrelevant channel
4) Spillover occurs only under high perceptual load

Answer 2

Excess attention resources spill over to the irrelevant channel

Question 3

What do early selection theories assume about the identification of stimuli?

1) Identification occurs without attention
2) Identification requires attention
3) Identification is automatic and capacity-unlimited
4) Identification happens before filtering

Answer 3

Identification requires attention

Question 4

What was Lachter et al.’s main hypothesis?

1) Identification without attention is common
2) Broadbent was correct that identification requires attention
3) Slippage is unavoidable in all tasks
4) Late selection theories are more accurate

Answer 4

Broadbent was correct that identification requires attention

Question 5

In Conway et al.’s (2001) study, which group noticed their own name more frequently?

1) High working memory capacity group
2) Low working memory capacity group
3) Both groups equally
4) Neither group

Answer 5

Low working memory capacity group

Question 6

What did Dawson and Schell’s (1982) replication study conclude?

1) Skin conductance changes occurred only for irrelevant words
2) Slippage explained skin conductance changes in unattended channels
3) Shadowing tasks were irrelevant to attention
4) No participants showed skin conductance changes

Answer 6

Slippage explained skin conductance changes in unattended channels

Question 7

How did Lachter et al. exclude slippage in their study?

1) By using auditory stimuli with no physical cues
2) By presenting irrelevant stimuli briefly in a separate location
3) By pairing irrelevant words with electric shocks
4) By increasing perceptual load in tasks

Answer 7

By presenting irrelevant stimuli briefly in a separate location

Question 8

What is repetition priming?

1) Attentional focus on repeated tasks
2) Faster recognition of a target after exposure to a related prime
3) The identification of irrelevant stimuli in low-load conditions
4) A measure of working memory capacity

Answer 8

Faster recognition of a target after exposure to a related prime

Question 9

What outcome supported Broadbent’s early selection model in Lachter et al.’s study?

1) Reaction times differed when primes and targets were in the same location
2) Reaction times were unaffected by irrelevant primes in a different location
3) Attention automatically processed all stimuli equally
4) Participants identified irrelevant stimuli regardless of location

Answer 9

Reaction times were unaffected by irrelevant primes in a different location

Question 10

What does Lavie’s hybrid model combine?

1) Concepts from attentional slippage and spillover theories
2) Assumptions from early and late selection theories
3) High and low working memory capacity theories
4) Concepts from automatic and voluntary attention

Answer 10

Assumptions from early and late selection theories

Question 11

In Lavie’s (1995) spillover theory, when is irrelevant information identified?

1) Always, regardless of perceptual load
2) Only under high perceptual load
3) Only under low perceptual load
4) Never

Answer 11

Only under low perceptual load

Question 12

What did Lavie and Cox (1997) manipulate in their study?

1) Working memory capacity
2) Perceptual load
3) Reaction time thresholds
4) The number of irrelevant stimuli

Answer 12

Perceptual load

Question 13

What is the compatibility effect in Lavie and Cox’s (1997) study?

1) The difference in reaction times between compatible and incompatible trials
2) The ease of identifying irrelevant stimuli in low-load conditions
3) The tendency to ignore irrelevant stimuli under high load
4) Faster reaction times for high-load trials

Answer 13

The difference in reaction times between compatible and incompatible trials

Question 14

What do Lavie’s findings suggest about perceptual load and attention?

1) Perceptual load has no effect on attention allocation
2) High perceptual load prevents spillover to irrelevant channels
3) Low perceptual load eliminates compatibility effects
4) Attention is always capacity-unlimited

Answer 14

High perceptual load prevents spillover to irrelevant channels

Question 15

Which theory argues that attention to the relevant channel is under voluntary control?

1) Lavie’s spillover theory
2) Lachter’s slippage theory
3) Late selection theory
4) Attenuation theory

Answer 15

Lachter’s slippage theory

Question 16

What does Lavie argue about perceptual attention capacity?

1) It is unlimited under all conditions
2) It is automatic and under voluntary control
3) It is limited and not under voluntary control
4) It does not apply to irrelevant channels

Answer 16

It is limited and not under voluntary control

Question 17

How do Lachter and Lavie’s theories differ regarding irrelevant channel processing?

1) Lachter focuses on spillover, while Lavie emphasizes slippage
2) Lavie focuses on spillover, while Lachter emphasizes slippage
3) Both theories argue irrelevant channel processing is inevitable
4) Neither theory supports early selection models

Answer 17

Lavie focuses on spillover, while Lachter emphasises slippage

Question 18

What do both Lachter and Lavie agree on?

1) Identification without attention is possible in all domains
2) Early selection models are incorrect
3) Identification without attention is unlikely in the visual domain
4) Late selection models explain most attention phenomena

Answer 18

Identification without attention is unlikely in the visual domain

Question 19

Which study demonstrated stronger compatibility effects in low-load conditions?

1) Broadbent’s air traffic control study
2) Lavie and Cox (1997)
3) Lachter et al.
4) Dawson and Schell (1982)

Answer 19

Lavie and Cox (1997)

Question 20

What does Kouider et al.’s (2014) study suggest about auditory stimuli during sleep?

1) Auditory stimuli cannot be processed during sleep
2) Participants understood meanings of untrained words during sleep
3) Perceptual load has no effect on auditory attention
4) Attention is entirely voluntary during sleep

Answer 20

Participants understood meanings of untrained words during sleep