Memory - Human Memory

Question 1

What does the “cued recall” memory test involve?

1) Reproducing material from memory in an unconstrained way
2) Reproducing a specific item from memory when provided with a specific cue
3) Deciding whether you have seen something previously when presented again
4) Learning something faster the second time

Answer 1

Reproducing a specific item from memory when provided with a specific cue

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory testing?

1) Free recall
2) Cued recall
3) Recognition
4) Relearning

Answer 2

Relearning

Question 3

What is the main assumption about laboratory vs. real-world memory tests?

1) They use entirely different cognitive processes
2) Laboratory tests are less reliable
3) They broadly use the same cognitive processes
4) Real-world tests are more accurate

Answer 3

They broadly use the same cognitive processes

Question 4

Which type of memory operates on a millisecond timescale?

1) Semantic memory
2) Episodic memory
3) Long-term memory
4) Sensory memory

Answer 4

Sensory memory

Question 5

Who proposed the modal multi-store model of memory?

1) William James
2) Atkinson & Shiffrin
3) Jevons
4) Sperling

Answer 5

Atkinson & Shiffrin

Question 6

What is the capacity of short-term memory in the Atkinson & Shiffrin model?

1) Unlimited capacity
2) Limited capacity and duration
3) Capacity determined by rehearsal
4) It depends on sensory input

Answer 6

Limited capacity and duration

Question 7

What did Jevons’ experiment demonstrate about sensory memory?

1) People can perfectly recall up to 12 items
2) Accuracy in counting beans drops above 8 items
3) Rehearsal is essential for memory retention
4) Cues improve memory recall

Answer 7

Accuracy in counting beans drops above 8 items

Question 8

What is “iconic memory”?

1) A form of short-term memory
2) A pre-categorical visual image store
3) A type of episodic memory
4) Another term for echoic memory

Answer 8

A pre-categorical visual image store

Question 9

What is “primary memory” according to William James?

1) Memory for autobiographical events
2) Sensations that outlast the stimulus
3) Knowledge after it has dropped from consciousness
4) Memory stored for extended periods

Answer 9

Sensations that outlast the stimulus

Question 10

Sperling’s partial report procedure showed that:

1) Visual memory decays very rapidly
2) People can recall only 4-5 items from a grid
3) Cued recall improves memory up to 50%
4) Visual memory has an unlimited capacity

Answer 10

Visual memory decays very rapidly

Question 11

What factor limits visual memory for more than 8 dots, according to Averbach (1963)?

1) Duration of viewing time
2) Size of visual memory
3) Decay of sensory memory
4) Insufficient rehearsal

Answer 11

Size of visual memory

Question 12

What was Sperling’s estimate of visual memory capacity?

1) 5 items
2) 8 items
3) 9 items
4) 12 items

Answer 12

9 items

Question 13

What alternative explanation challenges Sperling’s results?

1) Capacity is based on long-term memory
2) Output interference instead of decay
3) Cued recall underestimates capacity
4) Memory traces do not exist

Answer 13

Output interference instead of decay

Question 14

What memory type is associated with knowing facts and concepts?

1) Episodic memory
2) Semantic memory
3) Sensory memory
4) Short-term memory

Answer 14

Semantic memory

Question 15

What type of recognition test involves deciding if you have seen something before?

1) Free recall
2) 2AFC
3) Yes/no recognition
4) Cued recall

Answer 15

Yes/no recognition

Question 16

What does the term “echoic memory” refer to?

1) A type of episodic memory
2) Memory for auditory information
3) Memory for semantic concepts
4) Visual memory storage

Answer 16

Memory for auditory information

Question 17

In the modal model, how is information retained in short-term memory?

1) Through rehearsal
2) By visual imagery
3) Using sensory registers
4) With unlimited duration

Answer 17

Through rehearsal

Question 18

What experimental tool did Averbach (1963) use for studying sensory memory?

1) Tachistoscope
2) Tone cues
3) Numerical grids
4) Echoic patterns

Answer 18

Tachistoscope

Question 19

Which memory type is referred to as “secondary memory” by William James?

1) Sensory memory
2) Long-term memory
3) Primary memory
4) Short-term memory

Answer 19

Long-term memory

Question 20

Landman et al. (2003) suggested what about visual memory duration?

1) It lasts longer than Sperling’s estimates
2) It is shorter than Sperling’s estimates
3) It depends on the type of sensory input
4) It is limited to 1 second

Answer 20

It lasts longer than Sperling’s estimates