Language And Reading - Discourse Processing Flashcards
What is a logical inference?
1) An inference that connects different parts of the text
2) An inference based solely on the meaning of words
3) An inference that adds details using world knowledge
4) An inference that is drawn from memory during a test
An inference based solely on the meaning of words
What is the primary purpose of bridging inferences?
1) To embellish the text with additional details
2) To establish coherence between different text parts
3) To evaluate emotional responses during reading
4) To form abstract concepts like truth or freedom
To establish coherence between different text parts
According to the constructionist approach, readers construct a:
1) Basic outline of the text structure
2) Detailed situational model of events in the text
3) Summary of the protagonist’s actions
4) Collection of unrelated inferences
Detailed situational model of events in the text
What was the finding of Bransford et al.’s turtle study?
1) Readers store inferences in memory as if they were part of the original text
2) Memory tests cannot reliably measure inferential processes
3) Elaborative inferences are made only during recall
4) Bridging inferences are always automatic
Readers store inferences in memory as if they were part of the original text
What criticism does Dooling and Christiaansen’s study highlight about memory tests?
1) They measure only automatic inferences
2) Inferences may be drawn during the test, not reading
3) Readers fail to make any inferences during reading
4) They rely too heavily on participants’ goals
Inferences may be drawn during the test, not reading
According to the minimalist hypothesis, which inference type is primarily formed during recall?
1) Logical inferences
2) Bridging inferences
3) Elaborative inferences
4) Automatic inferences
Elaborative inferences
In the minimalist hypothesis, automatic inferences rely on:
1) World knowledge
2) Explicit information in the text
3) Participants’ personal goals
4) Emotional responses
Explicit information in the text
What finding supports the event indexing model?
1) Inferences are primarily elaborative
2) Chronological order improves accessibility of events
3) Memory tests reliably capture inferential processes
4) Elaborative inferences are made during recall
Chronological order improves accessibility of events
Which dimension is NOT part of the event indexing model?
1) Protagonist
2) Temporality
3) Emotion
4) Causality
Emotion
What are schemas?
1) Fixed memory representations with variable slots
2) Emotional responses tied to actions
3) Inferences formed during reading
4) Abstract concepts like freedom and law
Fixed memory representations with variable slots
The phrase “turn down the volume” activates:
1) Perceptual simulations of images
2) Hand movements compatible with the action
3) Emotional responses to sound
4) Protagonist dimensions in memory
Hand movements compatible with the action
What does the experiential simulations approach suggest?
1) Language comprehension does not involve perception
2) Language activates sensorimotor representations
3) Inferences rely entirely on explicit textual information
4) Abstract concepts are easily represented
Language activates sensorimotor representations
What evidence supports simulations in perception?
1) Faster recognition of eagle images that match described actions
2) Emotional activation linked to specific facial expressions
3) Negative stimuli prompting avoidance behaviors
4) Scripts and frames storing world knowledge
Faster recognition of eagle images that match described actions
What facilitates approach behaviors, according to the affect-movement compatibility task?
1) Negative stimuli
2) Positive stimuli
3) Logical inferences
4) Bridging inferences
Positive stimuli
Niedenthal’s study showed that reading emotion words activated:
1) Memory for the protagonist
2) Schema-based frames
3) Emotion-specific facial muscles
4) Perceptual imagery
Emotion-specific facial muscles
