Cognition And Emotion 2

Question 1

What is the key argument of Zajonc (1984) in the cognition/emotion primacy debate?

1) Cognition always precedes emotion
2) Affect and cognition are separate systems
3) Cognition is required for emotional responses
4) Emotional responses are learned behaviors

Answer 1

Affect and cognition are separate systems

Question 2

The mere exposure effect demonstrates:

1) Emotional responses without cognitive recognition
2) The necessity of cognition for emotional responses
3) The influence of mood on cognitive tasks
4) The role of facial expressions in emotional recognition

Answer 2

Emotional responses without cognitive recognition

Question 3

In the Murphy & Zajonc (1993) priming experiment, emotional primes influenced judgments when presented for:

1) 1 second
2) 4 milliseconds
3) 10 seconds
4) Any duration

Answer 3

4 milliseconds

Question 4

What does Lazarus’ appraisal theory emphasize?

1) Emotional responses are automatic
2) Emotions occur independently of cognition
3) Cognitive appraisal underlies all emotional states
4) Emotions are primarily physiological

Answer 4

Cognitive appraisal underlies all emotional states

Question 5

Which narrative led to the least anxiety in Speisman et al.’s (1964) study?

1) Trauma narrative
2) Denial narrative
3) Scientific/intellectual narrative
4) Control with no soundtrack

Answer 5

Denial narrative

Question 6

What are the primary components of Lazarus’ appraisal theory?

1) Arousal and interpretation
2) Primary appraisals, secondary appraisals, and reappraisals
3) Stimulus evaluation and emotional coping
4) Cognitive and physiological processes

Answer 6

Primary appraisals, secondary appraisals, and reappraisals

Question 7

What distinguishes anger from guilt according to Smith & Lazarus (1993)?

1) Motivational relevance
2) Problem-focused coping potential
3) Accountability in secondary appraisal
4) Future expectancy

Answer 7

Accountability in secondary appraisal

Question 8

What is an example of an attention bias?

1) Difficulty disengaging from threatening stimuli
2) Selectively interpreting neutral events as negative
3) Prioritizing positive over negative stimuli
4) Faster responses to unrelated stimuli

Answer 8

Difficulty disengaging from threatening stimuli

Question 9

High trait anxiety participants show larger interference effects in which task?

1) Visual search
2) Dot-probe
3) Emotional Stroop
4) Homonym task

Answer 9

Emotional Stroop

Question 10

What is the dot-probe task used to assess?

1) Interpretation biases
2) Attentional allocation to emotional stimuli
3) Cognitive reappraisal techniques
4) Recognition of subliminal stimuli

Answer 10

Attentional allocation to emotional stimuli

Question 11

What did MacLeod and Mathews (1988) find about attention bias in high-trait anxious students before an exam?

1) Bias was present both 1 and 12 weeks prior
2) Bias was only present under stress
3) No bias was observed in any condition
4) Both groups showed similar biases

Answer 11

Bias was only present under stress

Question 12

The homonym task by Eysenck et al. (1987) demonstrated that high-anxiety participants:

1) Avoided negative interpretations
2) Showed a bias toward threat-related meanings
3) Were faster at all lexical tasks
4) Interpreted all words positively

Answer 12

Showed a bias toward threat-related meanings

Question 13

What critique did Richards & French (1992) offer regarding the homonym task?

1) High-anxiety participants misunderstood the task
2) Bias was a result of response preferences
3) Negative interpretations were unrelated to anxiety
4) Homographs were more effective than homonyms

Answer 13

Bias was a result of response preferences

Question 14

The emotional Stroop task with faces showed slower responses for:

1) Neutral faces
2) Angry faces
3) Happy faces
4) All face types equally

Answer 14

Angry faces

Question 15

What is the “face in the crowd” effect?

1) Difficulty detecting any face in a crowd
2) Faster detection of threatening faces in a crowd
3) Superior recognition of happy faces
4) Equal detection rates for all face types

Answer 15

Faster detection of threatening faces in a crowd

Question 16

Which study suggested an “anger superiority effect”?

1) Speisman et al. (1964)
2) Hansen & Hansen (1988)
3) MacLeod, Mathews & Tara (1986)
4) Öhman (1999)

Answer 16

Hansen & Hansen (1988)

Question 17

Purcell et al. (1996) criticized Hansen & Hansen’s (1988) findings due to:

1) Sampling errors
2) Lack of emotional content in the stimuli
3) Visual artifacts confounding results
4) Inconsistent methodologies

Answer 17

Visual artifacts confounding results

Question 18

What does the visual search paradigm measure?

1) Emotional reactivity
2) Accuracy in detecting facial expressions
3) Efficiency of target detection among distracters
4) Biases in lexical processing

Answer 18

Efficiency of target detection among distracters

Question 19

Which paradigm examines interpretive bias using ambiguous words?

1) Homonym task
2) Dot-probe task
3) Emotional Stroop
4) Face in the crowd

Answer 19

Homonym task

Question 20

What did Öhman (1999) suggest about threat detection?

1) It is a learned behavior
2) It is an automatic, evolutionary adaptation
3) It requires conscious attention
4) It is slower than detecting neutral stimuli

Answer 20

It is an automatic, evolutionary adaptation