Attention 1

Question 1

Which metaphor is used to describe the selective nature of attention?

1) Spotlight
2) Filter
3) Zoom lens
4) Limited resource

Answer 1

Filter

Question 2

What is the primary goal of attention?

1) To multitask effectively
2) To achieve specific goals
3) To enhance memory
4) To reduce cognitive load

Answer 2

To achieve specific goals

Question 3

Which of the following is true about shifting attention?

1) Attention and eye movements are always coupled
2) Attention cannot be shifted without moving the eyes
3) Attention can be shifted independently of eye movements
4) Shifting attention is always effortless

Answer 3

Attention can be shifted independently of eye movements

Question 4

What does the “zoom lens” metaphor suggest about attention?

1) It filters irrelevant information
2) It can focus narrowly or broadly on stimuli
3) It is a finite resource
4) It is goal-directed

Answer 4

It can focus narrowly or broadly on stimuli

Question 5

According to Broadbent’s filter theory, what happens to unattended information?

1) It is fully analyzed for meaning
2) It is stored in long-term memory
3) It is filtered out before reaching the limited capacity channel
4) It is processed in parallel with attended information

Answer 5

It is filtered out before reaching the limited capacity

Question 6

What was the main finding of Cherry’s (1953) dichotic listening experiment?

1) Participants could easily shadow both messages
2) Change in language was easily noticed in the unattended message
3) Participants could shadow one ear more effectively with physical cues
4) Semantic content of the unattended message was always remembered

Answer 6

Participants could shadow one ear more effectively with physical cues

Question 7

Which phenomenon provides evidence against Broadbent’s early selection theory?

1) Spotlight metaphor
2) Own-name effect
3) Limited capacity channel
4) Dichotic listening

Answer 7

Own-name effect

Question 8

What did Treisman propose to address the limitations of early selection theory?

1) Late selection model
2) Filter theory
3) Attenuation theory
4) Resource theory

Answer 8

Attenuation theory

Question 9

What does Broadbent’s filter theory compare the limited capacity channel to?

1) A nightclub queue
2) A zoom lens
3) A mental dictionary
4) An attention spotlight

Answer 9

A nightclub queue

Question 10

What is the “cocktail party problem” described by Cherry (1953)?

1) Dividing attention between visual and auditory tasks
2) Recognizing one conversation among multiple simultaneous speakers
3) Shifting attention across different stimuli
4) Allocating attention as a finite resource

Answer 10

Recognising one conversation among multiple simultaneous speakers

Question 11

In Broadbent’s (1952) air traffic control experiment, what percentage of questions were answered correctly?

1) 25%
2) 50%
3) 75%
4) 90%

Answer 11

50%

Question 12

Which concept suggests that attention can be distributed across modalities?

1) Selective attention
2) Divided attention
3) Spotlight attention
4) Filter theory

Answer 12

Divided attention

Question 13

What was a key finding from studies on the conditioning of words paired with electric shocks?

1) Meaning of irrelevant information is processed
2) Irrelevant information is always filtered out
3) Semantic content has no impact on skin conductance
4) Dichotic listening was ineffective

Answer 13

Meaning of irrelevant information is processed

Question 14

Which term refers to the short-term memory store in Broadbent’s model?

a) Focus of attention
b) Sensory buffer
c) Long-term memory
d) Semantic network

Answer 14

Sensory buffer

Question 15

What is a central assumption of late selection models?

1) Input is automatically and fully analyzed
2) Attention filters information before analysis
3) Resources are strictly limited
4) Physical cues dominate processing

Answer 15

Input is automatically and fully analysed

Question 16

What was the result when Cherry tested dichotic listening with the same speaker in both ears?

1) The task was impossible
2) Participants noticed changes in language
3) The task became easier over time
4) Shadowing was unaffected

Answer 16

The task became easier over time

Question 17

What key finding contradicts the early selection theory?

1) Participants recognize their name in unattended messages
2) No irrelevant information is ever processed
3) Shadowing tasks are effortless
4) Filtering occurs only after semantic processing

Answer 17

Participants recognise their name in unattended messages

Question 18

What term does Broadbent use for the process that selects information for further processing?

1) Semantic filter
2) Selective filter
3) Cognitive buffer
4) Limited channel

Answer 18

Selective filter

Question 19

Which study demonstrated that participants often switch messages when the meaning continues in the irrelevant ear?

1) Broadbent (1952)
2) Cherry (1953)
3) Treisman (1960)
4) Moray (1959)

Answer 19

Treisman (1960)

Question 20

Which of the following is a limitation of late selection theory?

1) It cannot explain the own-name effect
2) It assumes processing is not capacity-limited
3) It fails to address dichotic listening
4) It overemphasizes early filtering

Answer 20

It assumes processing is not capacity-limited