Memory- MSM Flashcards
What is duration
A term used to define the length of each memory
What is encoding
Changing incoming information into a form usable to different kinds of memory - like an input
What is capacity
Holding information in the memory system, like STM or LTM
How many stores are in the MSM
3
What are the 3 stores in the MSM
- Sensory memory register
- Short-term memory
- Long -term memory
What is the duration of the sensory memory register
0.5 secs
What is the encoding of the sensory memory register
Modality free, could be any sense not encoded in a specific way
What is the capacity of the sensory memory register
Unlimited
What is the duration of the STM
15-30 seconds
What is the encoding of the STM
Acoustically
What is the capacity of the STM
7 +/- -2 pieces of info
What is the duration of the LTM
Life time
What is the encoding of the LTM
Semantically
What is the capacity of the LTM
Unlimited
Information enters the ________ memory first, from the sense ______ (eyes, ears etc.). Here, info is encoded in a form that corresponds to its _____.
Sensory
Organs
Sense
What is a visual image and example of
An iconic memory
Most info in the sensory memory register is lost how?
Through decay
How does information move from the sensory memory register to the STM memory
Attention
How does info move from the STM to LTM
Elaborate rehearsal
What is the iconic store
Sight
What is the haptic store
Touch
What is the echoic store
Hearing
Who invented the Msm
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What did Walsh and Thompson find
Found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of 500 milliseconds, which decreases as individuals get older.
This suggests the duration of sensory memories is limited and dependent on age.
What did Walsh and Thompsons results suggest
The duration of sensory memories is limited and dependent on age.
Information does not stay within the sensory store for very long, it will decay unless you pay attention to it.
Walsh and Thompson found that the iconic sensory store has an average duration of ___ milliseconds, which decreases as individuals get older. This suggests the ________ of sensory memories is limited and dependent on age.
500
duration
What did Sperling do
Sperling studied the sensory memory for vision (the iconic store). He asked subjects to recall as many letters as they could from a grid of 12 symbols that he displayed on a screen for just 50ms.
What did Sperling find
While they could only recall around 4 of the symbols before the grid faded from their sensory memory, they typically reported seeing a lot more than they had time to report.
What does Sperling’s results suggest
That the capacity for the sensory store is potentially unlimited.
What did Peterson and Peterson do
Read nonsense trigrams to pts (e.g., PXT) and then got them to count backwards in 3s from a large random 3 digit number for varying periods of time.
What did Peterson and Peterson find
After 3 second delay 80% recall compared to just 10% after 18 seconds.
What did Peterson and Petersons work suggest
That the duration of short term memory is limited (quite short).
Peterson and Peterson found that
After _ second delay __% recall compared to just __% after __seconds.
3
80
10
18
Sperling studied the sensory memory for vision (the _____ store). He asked subjects to recall as many letters as they could from a grid of __ symbols that he displayed on a screen for just __ms.
Iconic
12
50
What did Baddeley do
Gave Pts four sets of words:
-Similar sounds e,g, cat, mat, cap, map
-Different sounds e.g. dog, bin, cup, pen
-Similar meanings e.g. big, large, huge, vast
-Different meanings e.g. huge, good, light, blue
What did Baddeley find
When asked to recall immediately (testing STM)
pps made more mistakes on words that sounded alike (set 1).
What did Baddeley’s research suggest
Short term memory is encoded acoustically (based on sounds).
What were the four sets of words that Baddeley gave to pts
-Similar sounds
-Different sounds
-Similar meanings
-Different meanings
What did Jacobs do
Jacobs (1887) tested STM capacity with the serial digit span method where pps are presented with increasingly long lists of numbers or letters and have to recall them in the right order.
What did Jacobs find
Jacobs found the capacity for numbers was 9.3 items and for letters 7.3 items.
What did Jacob’s findings suggest
The capacity of short term memory is limited to a certain number of items.
What did Bahrick et al do
Asked pps to identify their former classmates from a set of 50 photos, 14-48 years after leaving High School.
What did Bahrick find
Results showed the recognition group was 90% accurate after 14 years and 60% accurate after 47 years.
What did Bahrick’s research suggest
That long term memories could potentially last a lifetime.
What did Baddeley do differently to test LTM
Delayed the recall to 20 mins
What did Baddeley do to test LTM
Baddeley (1966) gave Pts four sets of words:
Similar sounds e,g, cat, mat, cap, map
Different sounds e.g. dog, bin, cup, pen
Similar meanings e.g. big, large, huge, vast
Different meanings e.g. huge, good, light, blue
Then delayed the recall to 20 mins
What did Baddeley find when testing LTM
After delayed recall (20 mins) pps had more difficulty remembering the semantically similar words, e.g., replacing huge with vast and night with dark.
What did Baddeley’s research into LTM show
That long term memory relies on semantic encoding (the meaning of words).
Evaluation, evidence
Glanzer and Cuntiz
P- A strength of the Multi-store model of memory (MSM) is that there is research to support the explanation.
E- Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) presented subjects with a list of words and they had to free recall as many as possible. They found that participants were most likely to recall words from the start of the list (primacy effect) as they had time to transfer to the LTM store and those from the end of the list (recency effect) as they were still in the STM store.
L- This implieS, as the model suggests we have a separate STM and LTM.
Evaluation, evidence
HM
P- There is also further naturalistic research support for the existence of separate memory stores from the case of HM.
E- HM was a male patient who suffered from severe epilepsy. After psychosurgery his temporal lobes of both sides of the brain were removed. Since then, he has been unable to form new LT memories. His STM is relatively normal but he could not extend his STM by rehearsal and therefore was unable to transfer information from the STM to the LTM.
L- This could imply, we do indeed have two separate memory stores for STM and LTM.
Evaluation, alternative explanations
P- However, an issue with the MSM is that there are alternative theories that may explain the features of the memory more effectively.
E- For instance the working memory model is a more recent, alternative approach to understanding the STM: it takes into account that each store is not a single structure and consists of several components; it doesn’t try to oversimplify memory
L- This model is well supported and suggests that the MSM is a far too simplified model of memory.
Evaluation, theoretical flaw
P- One theoretical problem with the MSM is that it mainly emphasises the structure of memory and tends to neglect the process elements of memory.
E- For example… it is argued that the MSM only focuses on cognition and neglects other factors that may be part of the memory process. For instance, it ignores when events are emotionally charged, or when events may make us anxious, as these have been linked to memory performance. As such, we could say the MSM suffers from machine reductionism.
L- This is a problem because the MSM believes memories in LTM are semantically coded, and seems to ignore the role of emotion
Evaluation, application
P- Another strength are the practical applications of the MSM.
E- Although the model may be flawed it was the first suggestion that the memory is made up of various sections, this model then led to other psychologists looking at better models that maybe more convincing today.
L- This suggests that further research (e.g., working memory model) and our modern understanding of memory can be linked back to the development of the MSM.
Walsh and Thompson investigated…
Duration of sensory store
Jacobs investigates….
Capacity of sensory store
Peterson and Peterson investigated…
Duration of STM
Sperling investigated…
Capacity of sensory store
Baddeley investigated…
Coding of STM and LTM
