Memory models Flashcards
What are the 3 levels of storage in Atkinson and Shiffrens multi-store memory model?
- Short term sensory storage
- Short term memory
- Long term memory
What the characteristics of the short term sensory store in the multi-store memory model?
- Takes in all enviromental cues
- Unlimited capacity
- Duration up to 1 second
- Selective attention occurs
Define and give an example of selective attention
Relevent information is filtered into the short term memory, relevent cues are identified, irrelevent cues are ignored
e.g. the position of the opposition in a tennis match
What are the characteristics of the short term memory in the multi-store memory model?
- Holds 5-9 items
- Duration ~30 seconds
- Information is encoded e.g. speed and direction of the ball
- Information is chunked
- Comparison with the long term memory store - compared to past experience
- responce selected
What are the characteristics of the long term memory in the multi-store memory model?
- Unlimeted capacity
- Infinite duration
- Learned movements are stored as motor programs and schema
- Motor programs are updated and improved
- Retrieval of motor programs during performance
Evaluate Atkinsons and Shiffrens multi-store memory model
+Simple to understand
+Explains how the performer filters information
+Explains how a performer can produce a skill that they have not done in a long time
-It is to simple/hypothetical
-Doesn’t account for “novel” skill development
-Doesn’t explain why we recall some things but not others
-Doesnt account for individual differences
Give an overview of Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model
Three levels of processing
* Information is considered
* Information is understood
* Information has meaning
The deeper the depth of processing, the stronger the memory trace
What are the three levels of processing in Craik and Lockharts
- Structural level - processing what the skill looks like
- Phonetic/ acoustic level - processing sounds (associated with the skill)
- Semantic level - considers of the meaning of the information
Describe the charecteristics of the levels of processing in Craik and Lockharts
- Memory at the structural and phonetic levels is shallow because they don’t involve significant processing
- Memory at the semantic level is deeper because it involves more processing
- Information is best retained if it has relevence
Critically evaluate Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model
Strengths:
* Explains how, the more we practice something, the more likely we are to remember it
Weaknesses:
* Does not consider individual differences
* Does not explain how a performer can “forget” something that they have previously learned
Methods for improving memory
- Chunking/ grouping
- Rehearsal/ practice/ repitition
- Linking information/ making associations
- Making information relevent/ meaningful
- Avoid overload
