memory - coding, capacity n duration. Flashcards
What is meant by “short-term memory”?
A limited capacity memory store where small amounts of information can be kept for a brief period of time.
What is meant by “long-term memory”?
A permanent memory store where limitless amounts of information can be stored for a long period of time.
What is meant by “coding”?
The way in which information is changed and stored in memory.
What is meant by “capacity”?
A measure of how much information can be held in memory.
What is meant by “duration”?
Length of time information can be held in memory.
What is meant by “encoding”?
Way information changes its format so it can be stored in memory.
What is meant by “storage”?
Holding information in the memory system.
What is meant by “retrieval”?
Recovering information from storage.
What are the types of memory?
- sensory memory.
- short-term memory.
- long-term memory.
What is meant by “sensory memory”?
Where immediate information coming from the environment first registers in the sensory store.
What is the function of sensory memory?
To hold information for a fraction of a second after the physical stimulus is no longer there.
Is sensory memory visual or auditory?
Can be both.
What is the capacity of STM?
- limited.
- can only hold a small amount of information before it is forgotten.
How can STM be tested?
Using serial digit span study.
What experiments research the capacity of STM?
- Jacob’s (1887).
- Miller’s magic number experiment.
What was the aim of Jacob’s STM experiment?
Investigate the capacity of short-term memory for numbers and letters using a digit span test.
What is the procedure of Jacob’s STM experiment?
- sampled 443 female students aged 8 to 19.
- participants had to repeat back a string of numbers or letters in the same order.
- number of digits and letters gradually increased until participants could no longer recall the sequence.
- participants had to repeat back a string of numbers or letters in the same order.
What are the findings of Jacob’s STM experiment?
Students had an average span of 7.3 letters and 9.3 digits.
What is the conclusion of Jacob’s STM experiment?
Suggests the capacity of STM is very limited.
What is a weakness of Jacob’s STM experiment?
Lacks validity.
What is the evaluation of Jacob’s STM experiment - lacks validity?
POINT - one weakness is it is conducted a long time ago.
EVIDENCE - early research in psychology often lacked adequate control. some participants may have been distracted while they were being tested so did not perform well.
EXPLANATION - results may not be an accurate representation of STM capacity due to confounding variables.
LINK - suggests research lacks internal validity.
What is the evaluation point of the Jacob’s STM experiment - lacks validity?
One weakness is it is conducted a long time ago.
What is the evaluation evidence of the Jacob’s STM experiment - lacks validity?
- early research in psychology often lacked adequate control.
- some participants may have been distracted while they were being tested so did not perform well.
What is the evaluation explanation of the Jacob’s STM experiment - lacks validity?
Results may not be an accurate representation of STM capacity due to confounding variables.
What is the evaluation link of the Jacob’s STM experiment - lacks validity?
Suggests research lacks internal validity.
What was the aim of Miller’s magic number experiment?
Investigate the capacity of STM.
What is the procedure of Miller’s magic number experiment?
Reviewed literature of published investigations into perception and the STM from 1930s to 1950s.
What are the findings of Miller’s magic number experiment?
- STM stores chunks of information rather than individual numbers or letters.
- allows us to group information to help improve the capacity of STM.
↳ e.g. 1984 rather than 1. 9. 8. 4.
What is the conclusion of Miller’s magic number experiment?
- organisation/encoding can extend the capacity of STM and enable information to be stored there.
- hold seven items in the STM plus or minus two ranging between 5-9 items.
- explains why we can recall items like mobile phone numbers which contain more than seven digits.
What is a weakness of Miller’s magic number experiment?
Overestimated STM capacity.
What is the evaluation of Miller’s magic number experiment - overestimated STM capacity?
POINT - one weakness is that it may have overestimated STM capacity.
EVIDENCE - Cowan (2001) reviewed other research and concluded that the capacity of STM is about 4 items.
EXPLANATION - shows that the lower end of Miller’s estimate of five items is more appropriate than seven items.
LINK - suggests we do not have accurate understanding of STM capacity.
How can the capacity of LTM be tested?
Impossible to test experimentally but does not appear to be limited.
What is the duration of STM?
Short.
How can memory be kept active in the STM?
- rehearsal.
- verbal rehearsal can allow the memory to be transferred to LTM.