biopsychology - types of neurons n synaptic transmission.

Question 1

What is meant by neurons?

Answer 1

Nerve cells that have been adapted to carry electrical impulses and information around the body.
[messages will be sent from one neuron to another in order to cause an effect]

Question 2

LABEL A SENSORY NEURON

Answer 2

LABEL A SENSORY NEURON

Question 3

LABEL A RELAY NEURON

Answer 3

LABEL A RELAY NEURON

Question 4

LABEL A MOTOR NEURON

Answer 4

LABEL A MOTOR NEURON

Question 5

What is meant by dendrites?

Answer 5

long branches that receive chemical messages from the axon terminals of other neurons and convert them into electrical impulses.

Question 6

What is meant by the cell body (soma)?

Answer 6

Control centre of the neuron which contains the nucleus.

Question 7

What is the function of axons?

Answer 7

To carry the electrical impulses (action potential) down the length of the axon.

Question 8

What is meant by nodes of ranvier?

Answer 8

Gaps within the myelinated axon that helps speed up the transmission of electrical impulses.

Question 9

What is function of the axon terminals (terminal buttons)?

Answer 9

Responsible for communicating the message with the next neuron.

Question 10

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Answer 10

Cover the axons as a protective insulating covering which acts to speed up the electrical impulses

Question 11

What are the types of neurons?

Answer 11

• sensory.
• relay.
• motor.

Question 12

What are the functions of the sensory neuron?

Answer 12

• to carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors such as vision, taste and touch to the spinal cord and brain.
• convert information from the sensory receptors into neural impulses.

Question 13

Where can the sensory neuron be found?

Answer 13

Various locations of the body such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin.

Question 14

What happens when impulses from the sensory neuron reaches the brain?

Answer 14

They are translated into sensations of visual input, heat, pain and so on.

Question 15

What is the function of the relay neuron?

Answer 15

Allows sensory and motor neurons to communicate.

Question 16

Where can the relay neuron be found?

Answer 16

Within the brain and spinal cord.

Question 17

What are the functions of the motor neuron?

Answer 17

• connect the CNS to effectors such and muscles to control muscle movement.
• release neurotransmitters that bind to the receptors on the muscles and triggers a response leading to muscle movement when stimulated.

Question 18

Where can the motor neuron be found?

Answer 18

In the CNS.

Question 19

What is the order in which things happen in the nervous system?

Answer 19

Stimulus ⟶ receptor

Question 20

What is the order in which things happen in the nervous system?

Answer 20

Stimulus ⟶ receptor ⟶ sensory neuron ⟶ relay neuron ⟶ motor neuron ⟶ effector ⟶ response.

Question 21

What is meant by the synapse?

Answer 21

A small gap between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron where neurotransmitters are released.

Question 22

How are signals transmitted in the synapse?

Answer 22

• signals within neurons are transmitted electrically.
• signals between neurons are transmitted chemically.

Question 23

What is meant by presynaptic neuron?

Answer 23

Neuron which transmits the neural impulse.

Question 24

What is meant by postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 24

Neuron which receives the neural impulse.

Question 25

What is meant by axon?

Answer 25

Nerve fibre which conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body towards the end of a neuron.

Question 26

What is meant by presynaptic nerve terminal?

Answer 26

The end of the presynaptic neuron that facilitates communication with the next neuron.

Question 27

What is meant by synaptic vesicle?

Answer 27

Where neurotransmitters are stored.

Question 28

What is meant by neurotransmitter?

Answer 28

Chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message.

Question 29

What is meant by postsynaptic receptor sites?

Answer 29

Binds to neurotransmitters and can be found on the surface of a postsynaptic neuron.

Question 30

What is the process of synaptic transmission?

Answer 30

1. an electrical impulse travels along the axon of the presynaptic neuron.
   
   2. when the electrical impulse reaches the synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters towards the presynaptic neuron terminal.
      
      3. the released neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron which will stimulate the postsynaptic neuron to transmit an electrical impulse.
         
         4. the released neurotransmitter binds to the specialised receptors sites on the postsynaptic neuron which will stimulate the postsynaptic neuron to transmit an electrical impulse.
            
            5. the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed in the vesicles of the presynaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.

Question 31

Which way do neurotransmitters travel?

Answer 31

One way as they are released from the presynaptic terminal and received by the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 32

What is the structure of neurotransmitters?

Answer 32

Specific molecular structure which fits into a postsynaptic receptor site.

Question 33

What effect do neurotransmitters have on the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 33

Either an excitatory or inhibitory effect.

Question 34

How do neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 34

Adrenaline (excitatory neurotransmitter) ⟶ increases the positive charge if the postsynaptic neuron ⟶ makes the neuron more likely to fire ⟶ leads to excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Question 35

How do neurotransmitters have an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 35

Serotonin (inhibitory neurotransmitter) ⟶ increases the negative charges of the postsynaptic neuron ⟶ makes the neuron less likely to fire ⟶ leads to a inhibitory postsynaptic potential.