approaches in psychology - origins of psychology. Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by “psychology”?

A

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions especially those affecting behaviour in a given context.

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2
Q

What is meant by “science”?

A

The pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.

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3
Q

What is meant by “introspection”?

A

“Looking into” - the process of observing and examining your own conscious thoughts and emotions.

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4
Q

What was psychology first known as?

A

Experimental philosophy.
[roots in 17th and early 19th century philosophy]

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5
Q

Who was involved in the early development of psychology?

A
  1. Rene Descartes.
  2. John Locke.
  3. Charles Darwin.
  4. Wilhelm Wundt.
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6
Q

What was Rene Descartes involvement in the early development of psychology?

A
  • early influence.
  • created the Cartesian dualism.
  • starting point of psychology.
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7
Q

What is meant by “Cartesian dualism”?

A

The mind and body are separate entities.

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8
Q

What was John Locke involvement in the early development of psychology?

A
  • created the concept of empiricism.
  • had an influence on the emerge of psychology as a science.
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9
Q

What is meant by “empiricism”?

A

The belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and can be studied using the scientific method.

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10
Q

What was Charles Darwin involvement in the early development of psychology?

A
  • believed that behaviour has evolved due to their adaptive value.
  • survival of the fittest.
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11
Q

What is meant by “survival of the fittest”?

A

Notion that human and animal behaviour has changed over generations where individuals with stronger genes will survive and reproduce.

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12
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt involvement in the early development of psychology?

A
  • published first book on psychology named ‘principles of physiological psychology’.
  • opened first psychology lab in Germany in 1879.
  • considered the father of psychology.
  • important as he separated psychology from physiology.
  • structuralism.
  • studied reaction time, sensation and perception.
  • study paved the way for later controlled research and the study of metal processes by cognitive psychologists.
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13
Q

What is meant by “structuralism”?

A

The promotion of the use of introspection in order to study the structure of the human mind.

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14
Q

What is the use of introspection?

A
  • way of understanding a person’s inner world
    ↳ comparisons of people’s responses can be used to make theories about thinking and perception.
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15
Q

What are some examples of introspection?

A
  • participants are shown an image or played a sound and asked to describe the inner process when viewing the image or hearing tone.
  • participants were given an object and asked to reflect in how they are viewing it.
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16
Q

How did Wilhelm Wundt research introspection?

A
  • strictly controlled the environments where introspection took place.
  • controlled the stimuli and tasks that participants were asked to think about.
  • limited the range of responses they might give.
  • trained his participants so that they could give the most detailed observations possible.
17
Q

How was the study of psychology before Wilhelm Wundt?

A
  • no set limits on the tasks they studied.
  • made any judgements about the relevance of thoughts.
18
Q

How did Wilhelm Wundt establish psychology as a science?

A

By using scientific methods where his ideas led to multiple different psychological perspectives.

19
Q

What are the strengths of Wundt and introspection?

A
  • controlled environment.
  • standardised procedures.
  • forerunner to later scientific approaches such as the behaviourist, cognitive and biological approach.
20
Q

What are the weaknesses of Wundt and introspection?

A
  • self-reporting mental processes results in subjective data.
  • thoughts can be hidden.
  • difficult to establish general laws of behaviour.
21
Q

What is the process of the emerge of psychology as a science?

A

1900s - behaviourism
- scientific nature of introspection was being questioned.
- Wundt’s approach was subjective.
- Watson and Skinner proposed you should only focus on what can be seen and measured.
1960s - the cognitive approach
- digital revolution which lead to psychologists comparing the mind to a computer.
- studied the unobservable such as memory and perception using experiments.
1980s - the biological approach
- has utilised technological advances in brain scanning which allows us to have an increased understanding of the brain and psychological processes.

22
Q

What are the different approaches in psychology?

A
  • the biological approach.
  • the learning approach (behaviourist and social learning theory).
  • the cognitive approach.
  • the psychodynamic approach.
  • the humanist approach.
23
Q

What are the reasons for different approaches?

A
  • looks at human behaviour from a different perspective.
  • contribute to our understanding in different ways.
  • no approach is right or wrong but some are more useful than others depending on what we try to explain.
  • based on assumptions which are suppositions that something is a fact
    • e.g. the biological approach is based on the assumption that biological factors such as the level of serotonin in the synapses influences our behaviour.
24
Q

What are the strengths of the emerge of psychology as a science?

A
  • modern psychology can claim to be scientific.
  • same aim as natural sciences - to describe, explain, predict and change human behaviour.
  • behaviourism, cognitive and biological approach rely on scientific methods.
  • subject has established itself as scientific discipline.
25
Q

What are the weaknesses of the emerge of psychology as a science?

A
  • not all approaches use scientific methods.
  • humanistic approach rejects scientific methods.
  • psychodynamic approach uses case studies which are unrepresentative of the general population.
  • active within the research and can be affected by the situation.
26
Q

What are the four goals of psychology?

A
  • description - tells us “what” occurred.
  • explanation - tells us “why” a behaviour or mental process occurred.
  • prediction - identifies conditions under which a future behaviour or mental process is likely to occur.
  • change - applies to psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviour and bring about desired change.
27
Q

What is meant by the “description” goal?

A

Tells us “what” occurred.

28
Q

What is meant by the “explanation” goal?

A

Tells us “why” a behaviour or mental process occurred.

29
Q

What is meant by the “prediction” goal?

A

Identifies conditions under which a future behaviour or mental process is likely to occur.

30
Q

What is meant by the “change” goal?

A

How it applies to psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviour and bring about desired change.