Memory Flashcards
Who came up with the multi store memory model?
Atkinson and Shiffren
What are all the stages of the multi store memory model?
Input - Short term sensory store - Short-term memory - Long term memory - Recall/response
Describe what the input is in the multi store memory model
All information in the form of data or sensory (environmental) cues are detected from the environmental display
What is a stimulus?
Change in the environment that requires a response
Describe the short term sensory store in the multi-store memory model
Stimulus identification takes place
Duration - 0.25-1 seconds (then filtered)
Capacity - Very large capacity
Describe the short term memory in the multi-store memory model
This is the working memory
Perception occurs
Duration - about 30 seconds
Capacity - 7 items (+/-2)
How does information go from short term sensory store to the short term memory?
Attention
How does information go from short term memory to the long term memory?
Rehearsal
How does information go from the long term memory to the short term memory?
Retrieval
Describe the long term memory
Holds well learned, retained and permanently coded information collected from past experience
Duration - possibly forever
Capacity - Limitless
Short-term memory and long term memory operate a 2 way process
Where does the recall/response come from in the multi-store model of memory?
The short term memory (after retrieving information from the long term memory)
What is selective attention?
The process of picking out and focusing on the relevant parts of the display. This is important because irrelevant information is ignored. This occurs in the short term sensory store.
Explain how selective attention works in the context of Atkinson and Shiffren’s memory model
Definition of selective attention
It helps the performer to concentrate on specific cues and filter out unnecessary information.
Prevents overload so speeds up interaction between short term sensory store, short term memory and long term memory
Helps make the passage of information through the model clear
When is a decision made during the multi-store memory model?
Once past experiences from the long term memory have been compared to the incoming information and recognition has occurred.
What are the advantages of Atkinsons and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?
Simplifies memory process - east to understand
Explains how individual deal with large amounts of info
Realistic answer to how individuals filter lots of information
Explains brain damage causing dysfunctional memory or explains how many people can remember things from long ago but not what just happened.
Long term memory element - explains how someone can perform a skill they haven’t done in ages.
True that info repeated/chunked is stored in LTM.
True that some info is difficult for LTM to decode
Explains why info not rehearsed=forgotten
What are the disadvantages of Atkinsons and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?
Too simple, hasn’t been proven
Doesn’t explain why an individual remembers one type of information but not another
Evidence suggests STM has separate parts.
Doesn’t prove distinction between STM and LTM
Doesn’t explain interaction between STM and LTM well
Doesn’t quantify how much repetition results in LTM storage. Not everything that is repeated is stored in LTM. Some people remember things they see once.
Doesn’t account for individual differences in duration/capacity
Doesn’t account for interest/ motivation/ concentration/ understanding and it’s effect on memory.
Who came up with the levels of processing model?
Craik and Lockhart
What does the level of processing model focus on?
The depth of processing instead of set memory stores (it was put forward as a criticism of multi-store model)
What does the depth of processing influence?
Retention
What are the 2 types of processing?
Shallow (shorter lasting memory)
Deep (longer lasting memory)
How does shallow processing occur?
Recognising the physical or sensory features of a stimulus
What is processed for shallow processing to occur?
Structural processing (what stimulus looks like) Phonetic processing (what stimulus sounds like)
Describe shallow processing
Comes from recognising physical/sensory features of a stimulus (structural/phonetic processing).
Comes from maintenance rehearsal.
Results in a weak memory trace being formed and only short term retention of information.
What is a memory trace?
When the brain cells retain or store information
Describe deep processing
Comes from understanding the meaning of the stimulus
Semantic processing (relates to meaning/understanding)
Comes from elaborative rehearsal
Results in strong memory trace being formed, long term retention of information that can aid future performance
What is processed for deep processing to occur?
How the stimulus relates to previously stored stimuli
The importance of the stimuli
(These are semantic processing - relates to meaning and understanding)
How does deep processing occurs?
Understanding the meaning of the stimulus
What are the advantages of Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing?
Explains that if we understand some information, we are more likely to remember it.
Explains that the longer we consider and analyse information the more we remember that information.
What are the disadvantages of Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing?
Longer time to process information does not always lead to better recall so depth of learning does not always help us remember.
Difficult to define what deep processing actually involves
Doesn’t take into account individual differences. Why some people pay lots of attention but fail to remember and others pay little attention but still perform well
What are the strategies of improving retention?
Chunking Linking to past experience Use mental rehearsal/imagery Make information relevant, simple and meaningful Make information interesting and enjoyable Make information unusual and unique Practice/repetition/rehearsal Intensify the stimulus Reward/reinforce success
What is chunking?
Organising pieces of information together
Complex pieces of information together aids understanding/expands STM store
What is linking to past experiences?
Associating new information to old information is more likely to be remembered
What is using mental rehearsal?
A performer is more likely to remember a visual image
