Memory

Question 1

Who came up with the multi store memory model?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffren

Question 2

What are all the stages of the multi store memory model?

Answer 2

Input - Short term sensory store - Short-term memory - Long term memory - Recall/response

Question 3

Describe what the input is in the multi store memory model

Answer 3

All information in the form of data or sensory (environmental) cues are detected from the environmental display

Question 4

What is a stimulus?

Answer 4

Change in the environment that requires a response

Question 5

Describe the short term sensory store in the multi-store memory model

Answer 5

Stimulus identification takes place
Duration - 0.25-1 seconds (then filtered)
Capacity - Very large capacity

Question 6

Describe the short term memory in the multi-store memory model

Answer 6

This is the working memory
Perception occurs
Duration - about 30 seconds
Capacity - 7 items (+/-2)

Question 7

How does information go from short term sensory store to the short term memory?

Answer 7

Attention

Question 8

How does information go from short term memory to the long term memory?

Answer 8

Rehearsal

Question 9

How does information go from the long term memory to the short term memory?

Answer 9

Retrieval

Question 10

Describe the long term memory

Answer 10

Holds well learned, retained and permanently coded information collected from past experience
Duration - possibly forever
Capacity - Limitless
Short-term memory and long term memory operate a 2 way process

Question 11

Where does the recall/response come from in the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 11

The short term memory (after retrieving information from the long term memory)

Question 12

What is selective attention?

Answer 12

The process of picking out and focusing on the relevant parts of the display. This is important because irrelevant information is ignored. This occurs in the short term sensory store.

Question 13

Explain how selective attention works in the context of Atkinson and Shiffren’s memory model

Answer 13

Definition of selective attention
It helps the performer to concentrate on specific cues and filter out unnecessary information.
Prevents overload so speeds up interaction between short term sensory store, short term memory and long term memory
Helps make the passage of information through the model clear

Question 14

When is a decision made during the multi-store memory model?

Answer 14

Once past experiences from the long term memory have been compared to the incoming information and recognition has occurred.

Question 15

What are the advantages of Atkinsons and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 15

Simplifies memory process - east to understand
Explains how individual deal with large amounts of info
Realistic answer to how individuals filter lots of information
Explains brain damage causing dysfunctional memory or explains how many people can remember things from long ago but not what just happened.
Long term memory element - explains how someone can perform a skill they haven’t done in ages.
True that info repeated/chunked is stored in LTM.
True that some info is difficult for LTM to decode
Explains why info not rehearsed=forgotten

Question 16

What are the disadvantages of Atkinsons and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 16

Too simple, hasn’t been proven
Doesn’t explain why an individual remembers one type of information but not another
Evidence suggests STM has separate parts.
Doesn’t prove distinction between STM and LTM
Doesn’t explain interaction between STM and LTM well
Doesn’t quantify how much repetition results in LTM storage. Not everything that is repeated is stored in LTM. Some people remember things they see once.
Doesn’t account for individual differences in duration/capacity
Doesn’t account for interest/ motivation/ concentration/ understanding and it’s effect on memory.

Question 17

Who came up with the levels of processing model?

Answer 17

Craik and Lockhart

Question 18

What does the level of processing model focus on?

Answer 18

The depth of processing instead of set memory stores (it was put forward as a criticism of multi-store model)

Question 19

What does the depth of processing influence?

Answer 19

Retention

Question 20

What are the 2 types of processing?

Answer 20

Shallow (shorter lasting memory)

Deep (longer lasting memory)

Question 21

How does shallow processing occur?

Answer 21

Recognising the physical or sensory features of a stimulus

Question 22

What is processed for shallow processing to occur?

Answer 22

Structural processing (what stimulus looks like)
Phonetic processing (what stimulus sounds like)

Question 23

Describe shallow processing

Answer 23

Comes from recognising physical/sensory features of a stimulus (structural/phonetic processing).
Comes from maintenance rehearsal.
Results in a weak memory trace being formed and only short term retention of information.

Question 24

What is a memory trace?

Answer 24

When the brain cells retain or store information

Question 25

Describe deep processing

Answer 25

Comes from understanding the meaning of the stimulus
Semantic processing (relates to meaning/understanding)
Comes from elaborative rehearsal
Results in strong memory trace being formed, long term retention of information that can aid future performance

Question 26

What is processed for deep processing to occur?

Answer 26

How the stimulus relates to previously stored stimuli
The importance of the stimuli
(These are semantic processing - relates to meaning and understanding)

Question 27

How does deep processing occurs?

Answer 27

Understanding the meaning of the stimulus

Question 28

What are the advantages of Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing?

Answer 28

Explains that if we understand some information, we are more likely to remember it.
Explains that the longer we consider and analyse information the more we remember that information.

Question 29

What are the disadvantages of Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing?

Answer 29

Longer time to process information does not always lead to better recall so depth of learning does not always help us remember.
Difficult to define what deep processing actually involves
Doesn’t take into account individual differences. Why some people pay lots of attention but fail to remember and others pay little attention but still perform well

Question 30

What are the strategies of improving retention?

Answer 30

Chunking
Linking to past experience
Use mental rehearsal/imagery
Make information relevant, simple and meaningful
Make information interesting and enjoyable
Make information unusual and unique
Practice/repetition/rehearsal
Intensify the stimulus
Reward/reinforce success

Question 31

What is chunking?

Answer 31

Organising pieces of information together

Complex pieces of information together aids understanding/expands STM store

Question 32

What is linking to past experiences?

Answer 32

Associating new information to old information is more likely to be remembered

Question 33

What is using mental rehearsal?

Answer 33

A performer is more likely to remember a visual image