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PE - Psychology > Attribution theory > Flashcards

Attribution theory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attribution?

A

The perceived cause of a particular outcome

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2
Q

What does attribution theory attempt to explain?

A

How individuals/teams evaluate their levels of success and failure and how these reasons may affect future achievement motivation in similar situations

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3
Q

What can attributions effect?

A

Immediate reactions
Actual behaviour
Future aspirations
Expectations, motivation, future participation

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4
Q

What are the 2 dimensions in Weiner’s model?

A

Locus of Causality - Internal/external factors

Locus of stability - Stable/unstable factor

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of attribution?

A

Internal stable
Internal unstable
External stable
External unstable

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6
Q

What is the example of Internal stable attribution?

A

Ability

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7
Q

What is the example of internal unstable attribution?

A

Effort

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8
Q

What is the example of external stable attribution?

A

Task difficulty

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9
Q

What is the example of external unstable attribution?

A

Luck

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10
Q

What is the problem with Weiner’s model?

A

Not sport specific - Roberts and Pascuzzi’s model relate it to sport

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11
Q

How does Roberts and Pascuzzi’s model of attribution relate it to sport?

A

Internal stable - Ability
Internal unstable - Effort, behaviour, practice
External stable - Coaching
External unstable - Luck, teamworks, officials

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12
Q

Positive example of ability

A

Won because good

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13
Q

Negative example of ability

A

Lost because bad

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14
Q

Positive example of effort

A

Won because worked hard

Lost because didn’t work hard

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15
Q

Positive of task difficulty

A

Lost because opposition were good

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16
Q

Negative of task difficulty

A

Won because opposition were bad

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17
Q

Positive of luck

A

Lost because unlucky

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18
Q

Negative of luck

A

Won because lucky

19
Q

What is self serving bias/attribution bias?

A

Performers that attribute failure to external causes or attribute success to internal causes.

20
Q

Is self serving bias positive or negative?

A

Positive

Maintains/improves confidence/motivation so success is expected

21
Q

Which attributions are uncontrollable?

A

Ability
Difficulty
Luck

22
Q

Which attribution are controllable?

A

Effort

23
Q

Why is ability uncontrollable?

A

It’s fixed and unlikely to change

24
Q

Why is difficulty uncontrollable (but kind of controllable)?

A

Can’t control opposition BUT

The more effort you put in, the easier the task

25
Q

Why is Luck uncontrollable?

A

You can’t control the environment/referees decisions

Changes regularly

26
Q

Why is effort controllable?

A

You can change how hard you work

27
Q

What is mastery orientation?

A

When a high achiever has a strong desire to succeed and expects to succeed
Performance is optimised

28
Q

What does a high achiever attribute failure/success to?

A

Failure - internal, unstable, controllable factors

Success - external, stable factors

29
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Belief that failure is inevitable and a feeling of hopelessness when faced with a particular situation(specific learned helplessness) or groups of situations (global learned helplessness)

30
Q

Is there any control over the cause of failure in learned helplessness?

A

No

Attribute failure to stable reasons which offer no hope for change in the future

31
Q

What does a low achiever attribute failure/success to?

A

Failure - Internal, stable factors

Success - External, uncontrollable

32
Q

What is attribution retraining?

A

Focusing the reasons for failure onto internal, unstable and controllable factors

33
Q

What are the strategies for the promotion of mastery orientation?

A 
Increase self confidence
Goal setting
Positive experiences
Positive reinforcement
Verbal persuasion/cognitive dissonance
34
Q

How do you increase self confidence to promote mastery orientation?

A

Giving early success, positive reinforcement

35
Q

What goal setting do you use to promote mastery orientation?

A

Achievable, realistic, challenging, success increases confidence, more effort
Performance and process goals

36
Q

How does positive reinforcement promote mastery orientation?

A

Praise effort, increases confidence/motivation

37
Q

How do you use verbal persuasion to reverse negative attitudes?

A

Persuader - role model
Message - relevant
Person - must want to change
Other persuaders - help change attitude

38
Q

How is cognitive dissonance used to reverse negative attitudes?

A

Educate
Make it fun
Persuade them to do it

39
Q

What are the positive outcomes of attributing failure to internal factors?

A

Motivate to try harder
Different training methods adopted
Could lead to trying to reach mastery orientation
High fitness levels worked for (unstable)

40
Q

What are the positive outcomes of attributing failure to external factors?

A

Keeps up morale
Self-serving bias (protects self-esteem)
Keep team-cohesion
May lead to different tactics/footwear being adopted
Eliminates shame
Improve expectation of success in the future

41
Q

What are the negative outcomes of attributing failure to internal factors?

A

Could experience learned helplessness
Decrease in motivation
Lack of belief in future
Deterioration of team cohesion

42
Q

What are the negative outcomes of attributing failure to external factors?

A

Could shield other real reasons for failure

Could lead to lack of improvement

43
Q

What are the positive outcomes of attributing success to internal factors?

A

Endorses mastery orientation
Elevates confidence/self-esteem
Develops pride
Increases expectation of success in the future

44
Q

What are the negative outcomes of attributing success to external factors?

A

Takes away pride associated with success

Takes away the incentive value derived from mastery orientation`

PE - Psychology (14 decks)

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