Leadership Flashcards
What are all the possible leadership qualities?
Determination Self-confidence Communicator Visionary Charismatic Perceptual Experienced Empathetic Decisive/authoritative
What are emergent leaders?
Already a part of the group
Can assume the role of leader or be voted in
(player appointed to coach of that team/voted captain by team)
What are prescribed leaders?
Appointed from outside of the group
Externally appointed football manager
What are the positives of emergent leaders?
They have good knowledge of the other team members and can work and communicate with each individual in the most effective way.
They should already have the respect of the team, who trust their decisions and are motivated to work hard for them
What are the positives of prescribed leaders?
They can more easily make changes to systems/tactics as the team expects this
Team members may feel they have a clean slate with the prescribed leader and so work harder than before; they may display more positive attitudes.
What are the negatives of emergent leaders?
Team members may struggle to adjust to the new status of the leader; there may be perceived favouritism
It may be more difficult for the leader to make changes in the way the team play, as the leader has been involved in the previous system.
What are the negatives of prescribed leaders?
They have no previous experience with the team members so may not manage individuals in the most effective way
Building relationships and earning respect may take time
Describe autocratic leaders
Focused on the task
Make all the decisions
Goal orientated
Doesn’t delegate responsibility
Describe democratic leaders
Focused on developing relationships within the group
Shares decisions
Prioritises group cohesion and shared ownership
Delegates responsibility
Describe laissez-faire leaders
Leaves the group to get on by themselves
Does not interfere or take responsibility
May be unsure of the task giving no evaluation
Makes no decisions
May act as a consultant
When is an autocratic leader best?
When quick decisions are needed When a group is large When a group is hostile When the situation is dangerous When the performers are cognitive For team players who prefer an instructional approach If the group is predominantly male
When is a democratic leader best?
When there is lots of time
Activity is co-active
Personal support is required
When the performers are associative or autonomous
If the group is predominantly female
If the leaders personality lends itself to a democratic or social approach
When is a laissez-faire leader best?
The group is very experienced/motivated
With less experienced or able groups this style is not effective
A weak leader may drift into this style if they lose control of the group
What are the 3 theories of leadership?
Trait
Social learning
Interactionist
What is the description of trait theory of leadership?
Leadership characteristic is innate
Leadership traits are stable/enduring
Certain traits produce certain patterns of behaviour
Can be generalised across different situations
What is the description of social learning theory of leadership?
We observe and copy behaviour of a role model - called vicarious learning
Reinforcement of leadership behaviour is key
We learn leadership through copying role models
Copy the most high profile/successful leader
What is the description of interactionist theory of leadership?
Innate leadership traits can be triggered by the environmental factors
A dangerous situation may call for an autocratic leadership style
May exhibit leadership traits when the situation demands it
Show leadership as determined to win
What are the disadvantages of trait theory of leadership
There is no doubt about whether leadership characteristics are down to genetics
It is too simplistic
Many leaders do not show leadership characteristics unless a situation demands it
Many leaders do not show leadership characteristics unless others are present to be copied or influences are present
What are the disadvantages of social learning theory of leadership
Not a successful theory because different people exposed to the same role models do not all display leadership characteristics.
It ignores inherited traits
The aggression of a well-respected captain may not be copied by everyone in the team
What are the disadvantages of interactionist theory of leadership
Some people are predictable/consistent in their behaviours or those who are natural leaders in every situation
What is the contingency approach?
The success of leadership traits is determined by situational factors.
One style might be more effective in one situation than another
What are the 2 Fielder’s contingency model of leadership classifications?
Task-orientated leader (focus on performance)
Person-orientated leader (focus on personal relationships)
When is a situation highly favourable?
Leaders position is strong
Task is simple with clear structure
Warm group and leader relations
When is a situation highly unfavourable?
Leaders position is weak
Task is complex with vague structure
Hostile group and leader relations
When is a task-orientated leader most effective?
Most AND least favourable situations
When is a person-orientated leader most effective?
Moderately favourable situations
Who came up with the multidimensional model of leadership?
Chelladurai
What are the 3 characteristics affecting leader behaviour?
Situational
Leader
Member
What are situational characteristics affecting leader behaviour?
Task difficulty Group size Nature of the opposition Nature of the activity Time
What are the leader characteristics affecting leader behaviour?
Personality, skill level, experience, preferred leadership style
What are the member characteristics affecting leader behaviour?
Motivation of the group, age, gender, ability, experience
What are the 3 types of leader behaviour?
Required behaviour
Preferred behaviour
Actual behaviour
What is the required behaviour of the leader?
Type of behaviour needed by the situation in order to be successful
What is the preferred behaviour of the leader?
The behaviour preferred by the group such as fun, enjoyment or achievement
What is the actual behaviour of the leader?
Behaviour shown by a leader in a specific situation
What is called when all 3 types of leader behaviour are the same?
Full congruence
What are the 2 group outcomes that come from the actual behaviour of the leader?
Group performance - extent at which the group achieved success during the task
Group satisfaction - the levels of happiness/satisfaction experienced by the group whilst performing
What are the 5 dimensions of leadership?
Training/instructional behaviour Democratic behaviour Autocratic behaviour Social support behaviour Rewarding behaviour
What is the training/instructional behaviour dimension of leadership?
Emphasises hard training sessions and has a very structured approach
What is the democratic behaviour dimension of leadership?
Allows for group participation in decision making
What is the autocratic behaviour dimension of leadership?
The coach makes the decisions and stresses their personal authority
What is the social support behaviour dimension of leadership?
The coach has concern for the individuals and there is a positive and warm atmosphere in the team
What is the rewarding behaviour behaviour dimension of leadership?
Recognises and reinforces good performances
What conclusions can be made from the dimensions of leadership?
Novices prefer rewarding behaviour, experts prefer democratic and social support behaviour
Team members prefer training/instructional behaviour, autocratic behaviour and rewarding behaviour. Individual athletes prefer democratic/social support behaviour
Males prefer autocratic behaviour, females prefer democratic behaviour
Older athletes prefer democratic behaviour, social support behaviour and training/instructional behaviour. Athletes of all ages preferred rewarding behaviour.
