Aggression Flashcards
What is the definition of aggression?
Any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means.
What are the 2 categories of aggression?
Hostile (goal)
Channelled aggression/assertion (instrumental)
What is the main category of aggression?
Hostile (goal)
What is hostile aggression?
Motive to harm opponent/cause injury Violate rules of the game Disrupt team performance Spoils cohesion/togetherness Needs to be eliminated from sport
What is an example of hostile aggression?
Fighting in ice hockey
What is channelled aggression/assertion?
Does not attempt to harm opponent
Within the laws/spirit of the game
Involves forceful, robust functional play
Aim is successful completion of the task
What are some examples of channelled aggression/assertion?
Rugby tackle
Boxing - punch harder
Hitting the ball harder in tennis
How do you remember the causes of aggression?
FRANCE
What are the causes of aggression?
Frustration at poor performance Retaliation to an incident Actual/perceived unfairness Nature of the game Copying behaviour of others Excessive pressure to win
What is an example of frustration at poor performance as a cause of aggression?
Striker in football getting annoyed at missing a shot and therefore hitting an opponent
What is an example of retaliation to an incident as a cause of aggression?
After a rugby player got illegally tackled (landed on their neck) a teammate hitting the person that did the tackle
What is an example of actual/perceived unfairness as a cause of aggression?
A footballer swearing at the referee after the referee has given a penalty against them when they believe they didn’t foul opponent in the box.
What is an example of nature of the game as a cause of aggression?
In a derby, incidents of aggression are higher for example, manchester united vs city because the pressure is higher and it’s the social norm to be more aggressive.
What is an example of copying the behavior of others as a cause of aggression?
In rugby, joining in with a fight as some of your teammates are also involved.
What is an example of excessive pressure to win as a cause of aggression?
In a cup final, a footballer kicking an opponent after a bad tackle that stopped them from scoring.
Where does pressure come from that can cause aggression?
Parent/coaches/sponsors
What are the 4 theories of aggression?
Instinct
Social learning
Frustration aggression
Aggression cue hypothesis
What does the instinct theory propose?
Aggression is genetically inherited and that the trait of aggression is instinctive and lies within everyone and important in evolutionary terms
What does freud say about instinct theory of aggression?
The purpose is to seek out aggressive destruction otherwise it could become dangerous to the individuals well being. This is called the death instinct.
What does Lorenz say about instinct theory of aggression?
Aggressive energy is constantly being built up and needs to be released. Could be antisocial or channelled aggression.
What did Lorenz relate human behaviour to in order to support instinct theory of aggression?
Animal behaviour
Fighting for a mate, territory, dominance and survival. May retaliate to provocation
What are the arguments against the instinct theory of aggression?
Early humans were hunter-gatherers not warriors
Human aggression is learned and many cultural differences support this
Participation in sport is seen to increase aggression
Aggression is not predictable
What does social learning theory of aggression propose?
Aggression is not innate characteristic but nurtured through environmental forces.
Observe aggressive act, imitate, reinforced.
What are the arguments against the social learning theory of aggression?
At times we do not copy role models behaviour
Strong sense of independence can lead to role models being ignored (counter cultural behaviour)
Sometimes can’t help ourselves be aggressive.
What does frustration aggression hypothesis propose?
Innate aggressive gene triggered by a situation.
Frustration develops when goal directed behaviour is being blocked.
If aggressive act is successful then frustration is released, known as cathartic release.
If unsuccessful lack of catharsis.
What does frustration aggression hypothesis say increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour?
If individual was close to achieving goal
If frustration was caused deliberately
If blocking of the goal is perceived to be unfair.
What are the arguments against frustration aggression hypothesis?
Not everyone behaves this way
Does not take into account differing circumstances
Aggression is never satisfying to most and creates regret leading to low self esteem.
What does the aggressive cue hypothesis propose?
Frustration creates a readiness for aggression which is triggered when a provocation environment cue is present.
Cues will trigger aggression if arousal is high.
Learned/conditioned response through operant conditioning.
When is aggression less likely in the aggressive cue hypothesis
If aggressive cue isn’t present
What are the arguments against the aggressive cue hypothesis?
Same cues can have different responses from same people at different times.
Same cues can have different responses from different people.
Have perceptual ability to be able to recognise inappropriate aggression and avoid it.
What are the 6 ways to eliminate aggression?
Control arousal levels via stress management techniques
Avoid situations that initiate aggression
Remove aggressive player
Give individual role of responsibility
Punish aggressive behaviour
Praise fair play
What is an example of a management technique to eliminate aggression?
Yoga/meditation/breathing exercises
How could you remove an aggressive player from a situation?
Substitution
How would giving a player a role of responsibility eliminate aggression?
Make captain - be role model so change aggression
How could you punish aggressive behaviour?
Fine players
How can you encourage fair play?
Fair play awards
Praise verbally - develop S-R bond
How can aggression decrease participation in sport?
Hostile aggression, increase arousal, reduce concentration, poor performance so drop out
More prone to injury/dismissal from games
Reduces satisfaction reduce motive to continue with the activity.
