memory

Question 1

Human memory

Answer 1

Reconstruction of prior experience. Described with terms such as encoding, storage, and retreival

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Information first being learned or how it initially enters the brain. Selective process that is highly dependent on attention

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

What info is being stored in the brain and how. This can be modified

Question 4

Retreival

Answer 4

How we access prior experience to make use of them in the present. Also dependent on retrieval cues

Question 5

Study /encoding phase

Answer 5

Participants shown words or pics and asked to process them

Question 6

Retention interval (storage)

Answer 6

A set amnt of time where the information is stored in the memory

Question 7

Test/retrieval phase

Answer 7

Participants are asked something ABT the item in the study phase

Question 8

Retreival cue

Answer 8

Any piece of info that can be used to access other info that is stored in the memory

Question 9

Two common ways to test memory from encoding phase

Answer 9

Free recall test: few retrieval cues are provided and participants are asked to retrieve as many info as they can
Recognition test: participants are shown several items and whether the words are old/new

Question 10

Multi store model

Answer 10

Incoming info is first stored in the short term memory buffer and then it can be transferred to the long term if sufficiently rehearsed

Question 11

Chunking info

Answer 11

Allows us to store more info in the short term memory

Question 12

Primacy effect

Answer 12

Words at the beginning of the list enters the memory first. First in the list would be rehearsed more therefore entering the long term storage. Middle items not remembered as well.

Question 13

Recency effect

Answer 13

The last items remain in short term memory so you remember them. A distractor task diminishes recency effect

Question 14

Different levels of encoding

Answer 14

Shallow level: little effort and encodes physical characteristics and subsequent memory performance is poor
Moderate/acoustic level: some effort and encodes acoustic characteristic; moderate memory performance
Deeper level: significant effort and encodes semantics; better memory performance

Question 15

Levels of processing principle

Answer 15

The more we try to organize and understand the material, the better we remember it. Better fit for simple words

Question 16

Encoding specificity

Answer 16

We encode a vast amount of context when we learn info - the setting, our own state of mind and so on. We recall info best if our context at the time of recall matches at the time of learning or encoding

Question 17

Negatively accelerating forgetting curve

Answer 17

Suggests that the forgetting Raye per unit time is greater shortly after encoding and gradually decreases as time moves on

Question 18

fluency

Answer 18

The ease with which an experience is processed, some experiences are easier (more fluent) than others

Question 19

Attribution

Answer 19

Judgement tying together causes with effects

Question 20

Sensory memory

Answer 20

The transient maintenance of perceptual and physical info from the very recent past. Iconic memory, echoic and haptic all maintain a similar transient representation of an experience via sensory memory. Very fastly decays

Question 21

Working memory model

Answer 21

Consists of three short term buffers; phonological/articulatory loop, visuuospatial loop and episodic buffer. Modern understanding of short term memory

Question 22

Phonological loop

Answer 22

Stores phonological information briefly and contains info that can be rehearsed

Question 23

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 23

Stores visual information briefly. Like evoking a mental map on how to get to work

Question 24

Episodic buffer

Answer 24

Thought to draw on from the previous buffers and stored long term memories to remember past specific experiences

Question 25

Central executive

Answer 25

Coordinates and manipulated the info stored in the working memory buffers

Question 26

schemas

Answer 26

With regards to memory, it is the mental frameworks for interpreting the world around us based on prior experiences

Question 27

Declarative/explicit memory

Answer 27

Sundivision of long term memory. Memories for factual or semantic info or memories that are tied to a particular place and time (episodic memory)

Question 28

Nondeclarative/ implicit memory

Answer 28

A combo of implicit and procedural memories. These memories are more automatic and unconscious. Hard to explain skills such as bike riding

Question 29

Mnemonic strategy

Answer 29

A device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in remembering something

Question 30

Self referent effect

Answer 30

Info encoded with me in mind is better remembered than info encoded with something or someone else in mind

Question 31

Transfer appropriate processing

Answer 31

Remembering is enhanced when similar processes are engaged at coding and retrieval

Question 32

Decay theory

Answer 32

The idea that forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time

Question 33

Proactive interference

Answer 33

Info learned prior to a specific memory interferes with its retrieval

Question 34

retroactive interference

Answer 34

Info learned after a specific memory interferes with its retrieval

Question 35

Repression

Answer 35

A painful memory that has been forgotten as a defense mechanism

Question 36

Misinformation effect

Answer 36

Creation of false memories by incorporating new erroneous info with an old memory

Question 37

source monitoring error

Answer 37

When we cant recall where we learned a piece of info from

Question 38

False fame effect

Answer 38

We attribute fame to a name since we cant remember where we have seen it before. Since we recognize the name it must be famous

Question 39

Reality monitoring

Answer 39

Our ability to discriminate real memories from imagined ones