Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning/Pavlovian conditioning

Answer 1

Ivan Pavlov studied this. A dog would salivate at the sound of food. The presentation of one stimulus would lead to another stimulation. The learning of a contingency between a particular signal and a later event that are paired in time/or space. Form of associative learning where we learn contingencies between stimuli, often unconsciously.

Question 2

Conditioned response

Answer 2

conditioned upon training

Question 3

Contingent relationship

Answer 3

When an organism learns the association between a signal and an event. When one event reliably predicts another, an association may be formed between these two events

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 4

Any stimulus or event
Triggers a response naturally
Response occurs without any prior learning
Example: lemon in your mouth produces an untrained response

Question 5

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 5

When a US occurs a UR follows without the need for any training
The response (biological reflex) that occurs after the US
Occurs naturally, prior to learning

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

Paired with the unconditioned stimulus to produce a learned contingency
In the dog example the sound of the metronome is the CS and food in the dogs mouth is the US
In lemons example the sight and smell of lemons becomes the CS after being repeatedly paired with the US of lemon juice being placed in our mouth
The CS occurs before the US

Question 7

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 7

The response that occurs Ince the contingency between the CS and the US has been learned. Often the response is very similar to the UR

Question 8

Acquisition/contingency formation

Answer 8

The process by which a contingency between a CS and US is learned but there are limits to what contingencies will form

Question 9

Process of Acquisition

Answer 9

Negatively accelerated an increasing graph and takes many trials and learning happens during earlier trials. Although rats learn the contingency about food and illness in one trial

Question 10

If prior learning is not required for the stimulus to happen then it is?

Answer 10

Unconditioned

Question 11

If the response is based on prior learning then it is

Answer 11

Conditioned

Question 12

Triggering event that you are labelling

Answer 12

Stimulus

Question 13

Labelling the outcome

Answer 13

Response

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

When the CS no longer elicits the CR. Occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented alone. The loss of CR when the CS no longer predicts the US. Extinction leads to forgetting a contingency

Question 15

New inhibitory response

Answer 15

Counteracts or competes with the previous contingency. Learning to inhibit the CS

Question 16

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 16

The sudden recovery of a conditional response following a rest period after extinction or the re-emergence of an extinguished CS after a temporal delay.

Question 17

Stimulus generalization

Answer 17

The process by which stimuli similar to the CS will also elicit a CR

Question 18

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 18

Restricts the range of CS that can elicit a response

Question 19

CS+

Answer 19

Presence of a biological stimulus or invokes an excitatory association

Question 20

CS-

Answer 20

Absence of biological stimulus or evoke an inhibitory association

Question 21

Implosive therapy

Answer 21

An Individual with a particular phobia is encouraged to confront the CS that invokes their anxiety using their imagination

Question 22

Systematic desensitization

Answer 22

Gradual exposure to the feared stimulus. Example of someone with a fear of germs. They will start with paper confetti then move onto clay then actual dirt in their hands.

Question 23

Compensatory response

Answer 23

A counteract response to maintain homeostasis

Question 24

Learning

Answer 24

Any phenomenon where the mechanisms underlying a behaviour exhibit long lasting changes based on experience

Question 25

Orienting response

Answer 25

An automatic shift of attention towards a stimulus

Question 26

Habituation

Answer 26

A decrease in response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly without much consequence. Habituation should be limited

Question 27

Dishabituation

Answer 27

When an organism habituates to a stimulus but then the stimulus changes electing an orienting response or the recovery of a response

Question 28

Sensitization

Answer 28

Increase in responsiveness to a stimulus from repeated presentation. Often adaptive because it prompts you to escape a potentially harmful stimulus

Question 29

Non associative learning

Answer 29

Habituation and sensitization. They modify an existing stimulus response relation rather than creating a new association between stimuli or between a stimulus and a response.

Question 30

Conditioning trials or training trials

Answer 30

The CS and US are presented together . This creates an association between the CS and US and elicit the CR

Question 31

Contiguity

Answer 31

Extent to which two stimuli occurred close together in time and space. Stimuli (CS and US ) needs to be presented together for the contingency to be established

Question 32

Short delay conditioning

Answer 32

CS presented shortly before the US, often only by a few seconds. The rate of acquisition declines sharply if CS and US are presented simultaneously or if the CS-US interval is too brief or too long

Question 33

Asymptote responding

Answer 33

The Association between CS and US is strong and the learning plateaus. Two reasons for this- subject reached maximum physical ability to respond to the stimulus and we have also reached maximum conditioning for that given pairing

Question 34

Test Trial

Answer 34

CS presented without Us to test whether the US-Cs association has been learned. (Extinction trial is similar)

Question 35

Extinction trial

Answer 35

The CS is repeatedly presented alone to extinguish the US-CS association. (Test Trial is similar)

Question 36

Reaquisition

Answer 36

The reintroduction of conditioning trials after extinction has occurred. Requisition is faster than acquisition, indicating some of the og learning is retained following extinction.

Question 37

Phenomena that suggest extinction is not the erasure of an acquired association

Answer 37

Requisition, spontaneous Recovery and renewal

Question 38

Renewal

Answer 38

If an association is extinguished in an environment different that og environment of acquisition, a CR sometimes is still observed when the subject is placed back in the og environment

Question 39

Inhibitory conditioning

Answer 39

The presence of the CS predicts the absence of the US

Question 40

Excitatory conditioning

Answer 40

The presence of CS predicts the presence of Us

Question 41

Physiological regulation

Answer 41

Classical Conditioning is important for organisms to anticipate and prepare for biologically important stimuli

Question 42

Higher order conditioning

Answer 42

An established CS is paired with another CS to elicit the same CR. However this CR is susceptible to extinction and weaker.