Classical Conditioning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning/Pavlovian conditioning
Ivan Pavlov studied this. A dog would salivate at the sound of food. The presentation of one stimulus would lead to another stimulation. The learning of a contingency between a particular signal and a later event that are paired in time/or space. Form of associative learning where we learn contingencies between stimuli, often unconsciously.
Conditioned response
conditioned upon training
Contingent relationship
When an organism learns the association between a signal and an event. When one event reliably predicts another, an association may be formed between these two events
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Any stimulus or event
Triggers a response naturally
Response occurs without any prior learning
Example: lemon in your mouth produces an untrained response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
When a US occurs a UR follows without the need for any training
The response (biological reflex) that occurs after the US
Occurs naturally, prior to learning
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Paired with the unconditioned stimulus to produce a learned contingency
In the dog example the sound of the metronome is the CS and food in the dogs mouth is the US
In lemons example the sight and smell of lemons becomes the CS after being repeatedly paired with the US of lemon juice being placed in our mouth
The CS occurs before the US
Conditioned Response (CR)
The response that occurs Ince the contingency between the CS and the US has been learned. Often the response is very similar to the UR
Acquisition/contingency formation
The process by which a contingency between a CS and US is learned but there are limits to what contingencies will form
Process of Acquisition
Negatively accelerated an increasing graph and takes many trials and learning happens during earlier trials. Although rats learn the contingency about food and illness in one trial
If prior learning is not required for the stimulus to happen then it is?
Unconditioned
If the response is based on prior learning then it is
Conditioned
Triggering event that you are labelling
Stimulus
Labelling the outcome
Response
Extinction
When the CS no longer elicits the CR. Occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented alone. The loss of CR when the CS no longer predicts the US. Extinction leads to forgetting a contingency
New inhibitory response
Counteracts or competes with the previous contingency. Learning to inhibit the CS
Spontaneous Recovery
The sudden recovery of a conditional response following a rest period after extinction or the re-emergence of an extinguished CS after a temporal delay.
Stimulus generalization
The process by which stimuli similar to the CS will also elicit a CR
Stimulus discrimination
Restricts the range of CS that can elicit a response
CS+
Presence of a biological stimulus or invokes an excitatory association
CS-
Absence of biological stimulus or evoke an inhibitory association
Implosive therapy
An Individual with a particular phobia is encouraged to confront the CS that invokes their anxiety using their imagination
Systematic desensitization
Gradual exposure to the feared stimulus. Example of someone with a fear of germs. They will start with paper confetti then move onto clay then actual dirt in their hands.
Compensatory response
A counteract response to maintain homeostasis
Learning
Any phenomenon where the mechanisms underlying a behaviour exhibit long lasting changes based on experience
Orienting response
An automatic shift of attention towards a stimulus
Habituation
A decrease in response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly without much consequence. Habituation should be limited
Dishabituation
When an organism habituates to a stimulus but then the stimulus changes electing an orienting response or the recovery of a response
Sensitization
Increase in responsiveness to a stimulus from repeated presentation. Often adaptive because it prompts you to escape a potentially harmful stimulus
Non associative learning
Habituation and sensitization. They modify an existing stimulus response relation rather than creating a new association between stimuli or between a stimulus and a response.
Conditioning trials or training trials
The CS and US are presented together . This creates an association between the CS and US and elicit the CR
Contiguity
Extent to which two stimuli occurred close together in time and space. Stimuli (CS and US ) needs to be presented together for the contingency to be established
Short delay conditioning
CS presented shortly before the US, often only by a few seconds. The rate of acquisition declines sharply if CS and US are presented simultaneously or if the CS-US interval is too brief or too long
Asymptote responding
The Association between CS and US is strong and the learning plateaus. Two reasons for this- subject reached maximum physical ability to respond to the stimulus and we have also reached maximum conditioning for that given pairing
Test Trial
CS presented without Us to test whether the US-Cs association has been learned. (Extinction trial is similar)
Extinction trial
The CS is repeatedly presented alone to extinguish the US-CS association. (Test Trial is similar)
Reaquisition
The reintroduction of conditioning trials after extinction has occurred. Requisition is faster than acquisition, indicating some of the og learning is retained following extinction.
Phenomena that suggest extinction is not the erasure of an acquired association
Requisition, spontaneous Recovery and renewal
Renewal
If an association is extinguished in an environment different that og environment of acquisition, a CR sometimes is still observed when the subject is placed back in the og environment
Inhibitory conditioning
The presence of the CS predicts the absence of the US
Excitatory conditioning
The presence of CS predicts the presence of Us
Physiological regulation
Classical Conditioning is important for organisms to anticipate and prepare for biologically important stimuli
Higher order conditioning
An established CS is paired with another CS to elicit the same CR. However this CR is susceptible to extinction and weaker.
