forming impressions Flashcards
Covariation theory
Determines if a conflict is due to an individual’s personal disposition or the situation and circumstances. We assess three variables to make attributions: consensus, distinctiveness and consistency
consensus
Different people same situation
Distinctiveness
Same person in different situations
consistency
Same person same situation at different times
High consensus, distinctiveness and consistency
Situational attribution
Low consensus, distinctiveness and high consistency
Dispositional attribution
Low consistency and high/low consensus and distinctiveness
Wider situational attribution
Correspondence inference theory
Aids explain a person’s behaviour based on three variables: degree of choice, expectation, and intended consequences
Degree of choice
The amount of freedom the actor had in choosing their opinion or behaviour
Expectation
The degree to which an individuals behaviour in a particular social role matches our expectations for that role
Intended consequence
The goals and motivations of an actor underlying their behaviour
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to over value dispositional factors for the observed behaviours of others while under valuing situational factors. More susceptible to this for other’s behaviour than ones own. Not universal of all across all cultures
Actor/observer effect
As an actor you are better aware of your own situational factors of behaviour but not for others
Self serving bias
We attribute success to dispositional factors and failures to situational factors
Representativeness heuristics
Considers how well a behaviour Fitts within a certain prototype
Availability heuristics
Considers the experiences most readily available in memory
Cognitive heuristics
Provide useful shortcuts in processing social cues
Attractiveness is governed by four factors
Proximity, familiarity, physical attractiveness and others opinion about us
Proximity
More attracted to people who are close in physical and functional distance to us
Familiarity
We rate faces as being more attractive the more familiar they are to us
Mere exposure effect
A tendency to perceive previous or familiar stimuli as more favourable or positive than unfamiliar one. High frequency means positive reinforcement
Physical attractiveness
We assume what is beautiful is good
Halo effect
Tendency to attribute more positive characteristics to individuals that make a positive impression
Others opinion about us
Previous impressions of likeability influence novel impressions of likeability
False consensus effect
We tend to believe more people share our views than they actually do
Illusory correlation with availability heuristics
When we believe two variables are related even though no evidence shows that. Relevant to stereotype formation
implicit association test (IAT)
test to see any unconscious bias
Co actor (componnent of norman triplets theory)
Another individual performing same task with you
Audience (Norman’s theory
A group of people watching an individual perform a task
Social facilitation
The increased performance in the presence of co actors or an audience
When does your performance enhance in the presence of others
Increases arousal to improve performance on simple or well practiced tasks
When does others presence hinder ones performance
Hindered on complex tasks
Social learning theory (Albert banduras and Bobo doll expirement)
We learn appropriate behaviours by modelling and imitating the behaviour of others with no explicit reinforcement even with real people
Norms
Unwritten but commonly accepted rules for how to behave. Give rise to conformity where we match our behaviour to that of the others. Auto kinetic effect experiment by sheriff. Norms also leads to convergence in behaviour even in the presence of outliers
- conforming due to fear of rejection
- avoiding ridicule
- demonstrated in Asch line of study
Asch experiments about lines and conformity (only1 participant rest are employed by them)
75% of participants confirmed at least once and 37% conformed to a clearly incorrect ans
Normative function
The role of others in setting standards for our conduct based on a fear of rejection or ostracism
Informational function
The role of others in providing information about an ambiguous situation
- conforming due to not knowing how to act
- gaining info
- demonstrated in sheriffs auto kinetic effect
Difference between foot in the door and low ball tenchinuw
Door- the target agrees to a small request, once complied then you ask for a larger request
Low- you get a target to agree to a deal and once they agree you change the terms of the og deal
