Memory Flashcards
What is a stimulus?
Any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism.
What was the first model of Memory?
The Multi-store Model
What is the Duration for LTM?
Up to a lifetime.
What is the capacity for LTM & STM
LTM: Unlimited.
STM: 7+/-2 items
Who designed MSM and when was it introduced?
Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968.
Define Capacity
TRIGGER WORDS;
1. measure
What is it represented as?
The measure of how much can be held in memory. Usually represented as numbers.
What are the case studies of the MSM?
Clive Wearing and KF(Shallice and Warrington) - supports
Patient HM - refutes
Peterson and Peterson (1959) - strength
Bahrick (1975) - strength
Badderly - Strength
Define long-term memory (LTM)
Your memory of events that have occured in the past. This lasts anywhere from 2 minutes to 100 years.
Define sensory register
The place where information is held at each of the senses.
What is the coding of the STM?
Refers to the way in which information is changed and stored in memory.
The main type of coding for STM = acoustic
(Baddeley study effects of acoustic and semantic encoding.)
What is CODING
the way which the information is stored
sounds (acoustic), images (visual) or meaning (semantic)
Coding Baddeley (1966) - 4 groups learn different word lists
Had 4 groups learn different word lists: A - acoustically similar B - acoustically dissimilar; C - semantically similar and D - sematically dissimilar.
Define short-term memory (STM)
TRIGGER WORDS:
Immediate
Can disappear unless what?
Your memory for immediate events.
STM is measured in seconds and minutes. They disappear unless rehearsed.
What are the 5 components of the sensory register?
- Echoic store (Sound)
- Haptic store (Touch)
- Iconic store (Visual)
- Gustatory store (Taste)
- Olfactory store (Smell)
What is the capacity of the SR?
what is the quaility of info?
Very large(potentially unlimited) - info is unprocessed & highly detailed,
What is the duration of the SR?
TRIGGER WORD:
- Limi
but varies
depending on type of info
Limited but varies not only between stores but within stores depending on the type of info held.
What is the duration of STM?
30s
How could this be extented?
Up to a maximum of 30 seconds - can be extended through rehearsal (Maintenance rehearsal) of information.
How can capacity be assessed?
Using digital span tests.
What is the capacity of STM?
aproximatley how many items?
The limited capacity of between 5-9 items.
What is Maintenance rehearsal?
TRIGGER WORDS:
1. rep
what is the repetition of informaton keeps it in what
What does this not lead to?
The repetition of information keeps it in STM by constantly rehearsing it. This does not lead to the transfer of LTM.
How does the Multi-store model (MSM) work?
TRIGGER WORDS:
- Detection
- enter
- transferred only is?
- Information is detected by the senses and enters the sensory register.
- The information enters the short term memory.
- Information from the short-term memory is transferred to the long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed multiple times.
Define Duration
Measure before it is no longer
A measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available.
Who researched STM capacity ?
(Joseph) Jacobs and (George) Miller
Jocobs- digit span 9.3 items for digits and 7.3 for letters
Miller - 7+/-2 items, recall words as well as letters - chunk things together so can remember more
Who researched the duration of LTM
Bahrick et al (1975)