Biological explation for Schizophrenia : Neural Correlates Flashcards

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1
Q

Neural Correlates

A

Measurments of the strucutre of the brain that correlate with an experiences, in this case schizophrenia.

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2
Q

Neural correlates of negative symptoms

A

Avolution = loss of motivation
- Motivation involves anticipation of reward and certain regions of the brain, including the ventral straium, are believed to be particulary involved in this anticipation

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3
Q

Neural correlates of negative symptoms

Juckle (2006) - Negative correlation between levels of activity + negative symptoms

A

Found lower leveel of activity compared to a control group in the ventral straitum of schizophrenic paitents compared to controls.

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4
Q

Neural correlates of positive symptoms

A

Allen et al (2007) found lower activation levels in their superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate gyrus in those experirncing auditory hallucinations.

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5
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

A

The frontal part of the cingulate cortex. It is also involved in certain high-level functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making impulse control,and emotion

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6
Q

Ventral striatum

A

The front part of the striatum, which is a major portion of the basal ganglia and functions as part of the reward system

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7
Q

The superior temporal gyrus

A

Involved in the perception of emotions in facial stimuli. Furthermore,
- an essential structure involved in auditory processing, as well as in the function of language in individuals who may have an impaired vocabulary, or are developing a sense of language.

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8
Q

Neural Correlates - The Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Involved in executive control

- Research has shown that this impaired in sz paitents (Weinberger and Gallhofer, 1997)

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9
Q

Neural correlates - The hippocampus

A
  • Several studies have reported changes in the hippocampus in SZ paitents
    (Conrad et al.,1991).
  • Deficits in the nerve connections memory
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10
Q

Neural correlates - The hippocampus(Mukai et al.2015)

A

Deficits in the nerve connections memory impairments a central cogitve impairemny in SZ

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11
Q

Goto and Grace (2008) Neural correlates - The hippocampus

A

Suggest that hippocampal dysfunction might influence level of dopamine release in the basal ganlia, indirectly affecting the processing of information in the prefrontal cortex.

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12
Q

Neural correlates - Grey Matter

A
  • Individuals with SZ have a reduced volume of grey matter.
  • Researcher have also found that many people have SZ, particulary those
    displaying negative symptoms have enlarged ventricles. (Hartberg et al. 2011)
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13
Q

Cannon et al. (2014)

A

Found that individuals at high clinical risk who converted to SZ showed a steeper rate of grey matter loss and greater rate of expansion of brain ventricles compared to those who did not convert to SZ.

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14
Q

Neural correlates - White Matter

A

Found in the brain and spinal cord and is made up of nerve fibres covered in myelin.

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15
Q

Du et al. 2013 Neural correlates - White Matter

A

Found reduced myelination of white matter pathways in SZ paitents, compared to healthy controls.

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16
Q

AO3 Neural correlates - Support for the influence of grey matter deficits
Vita et al. (2012)

A

Analysed the results of 19 stufies. Paitents with schziophrenia, compared with healthy controls, showed higher reudction is cortical grey matter over time.
- Pattern of grey matter reduction was specific to discrete cortical areas in frontal, temporal and partial lobes.

17
Q

Link sentence Grey deficits AO3 Neural correlates - Support for the influence of grey matter deficits
Vita et al. (2012)

A

The loss of grey matter was especially active in the first stage of the disease consistent with the relatively early onset of SZ.

18
Q

Challenges to dopamine hypothesis - Noll (2009)

A

Argues that antipsychotic drugs do not alleviate hallucinations and delusions in about 1/3 of people experiencing these symptoms.

19
Q

Challenges to dopamine hypothesis - Noll (2009) - Link sentence

A

dopamine being the sole of postive symptoms other neurotransmitter systems, acting independently of the dopaminergic system, may also roduce the + symptoms associated with SZ

20
Q

The dopamine hypothesis: Evidence from treatment (Support)

Leucht et al. (2013)

A

Carried out a meta analysis of 212 studies. They conducted that all the antipsychotic drug tested in these studies were significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of + symptoms, acheieved by reducing the effects of dopamine.

21
Q

Challenges to dopamine hypothesis - Noll (2009) - Link sentence

A

Findings also challenge the classfication of antipsychotic into typical and atypica groupings as differences in their effectiveness were only small.

22
Q

Genetic Factors - AO1

A
23
Q

Familiy studies

A

Have established that schizophrenia is more common among biological relatices of a person with SZ.

24
Q

Twin studies

A

If MZ twins are more concordant than DZ twins this suggests that the greater similary is due to genetic factors.

25
Q

Joeseph 2004

A

MZ - 40.4%, DZ = 7.4%

26
Q

Adoption studies

A

As of the difficulties disentagling genetic and enviromental influences for individuals who share genes and enviroment, studies of genetically related individuals who have ben reared apart are used.

27
Q

Adoption studies Tienari et al. 2000

A

Of 164 adoptees whose other had been diagnosed with SZ.

- 6.7% also recieved a diagnosis compared to only 2% of controls.

28
Q

AO3 Adoption studies
Joeseph (2004) MZ Twins
AO3

A

Twin studies assume that the enviroment of MZ and DZ are equivalent.
- it is widley accepted that MZ twins are treated more similairy.

29
Q

AO3 Adoption studies
Joeseph (2004) MZ Twins
AO3
Importance of this

A

It allows us to see that there is great similarity in genetic factor and concordance rate of MZ twins could be more similar enviroment rather than genetic factors

30
Q

More specific genetic explanation

A

Point = SZ is a polygenetic - it requires a number of factors work in combination.

Explain = As there is no ‘SZ gene’ but severa; this increases an individuals overal vulnerability to developing SZ.

Evidence = Ripke et al (2014)

31
Q

Ripke et al. (2014)

A

Carried out a huge study combinding all previous data from genome-wide studies.

  • The genetic make-up of 37,000 paitents was compared to that on 112,00 controls
  • 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of SZ.
32
Q

The Dopamine Hypothesis - Support

Curran et al 2004

A

Amphetamines that increase the levels of dopamine make SZ worse and can produce SZ like symptoms in non-suffers.

33
Q

The Dopamine Hypothesis - Support

Leucht et al 2013

A
  • Carried out a meta-analysis of 212 studies
  • Analysed the effectiveness of different antipsychotic drugs compared to placebo
  • Findings = That all drugs tested were significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of +ve and -ve symptoms