Memory

Question 1

Baddeley (coding)

Answer 1

(1966) - investigated the different types of coding
- AD,AS,SS,SD
- immediately and then after 20 mins
- LTM is SEMANTIC
- STM is ACOUSTIC

Question 2

Joseph Jacobs

Answer 2

(1887) - digit span task
- recall until failure
- 9.3 items average
- 7.3 letters average

Question 3

George Miller

Answer 3

(1985) - observations of everyday
- 7+/- proposed span
- chunking

Question 4

Peterson

Answer 4

(1959) - duration, STM
- about 15 seconds
- CAT/MAT study

Question 5

Bahrick

Answer 5

(1975) - duration, LTM
- recall lasts a lifetime
- facial recognition
- spans across 17-74

Question 6

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 6

(1968,71)
proposed multi-store model of memory

Question 7

Clive Wearing

Answer 7

• damaged episodic but procedural in tact
• amnesia, can remember by reading but not when read to

Question 8

HM

Answer 8

unable to use LTM but STM still intact

Question 9

K.F.

Answer 9

• motorbike accident
• forgot more acoustic than visual
• meaningful information was better than verbal material

Question 10

Endel Tulving (1985)

Answer 10

proposed types of LTM

Question 11

Robinson

Answer 11

(1992) specified two types of episodic
- autobiographical knowledge
- autobiographical episodes

Question 12

Bower

Answer 12

(1969) - semantic organisation
- LTM is organised

Question 13

Tulving

Answer 13

(1994) - brain scans showing different parts of brain for memory

Question 14

Baddeley and Hitch (WM)

Answer 14

(1974) - proposed working memory model
- buffer was added in 2000

Question 15

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 15

(1975) - dual task studies

Question 16

Lieberman

Answer 16

(1980) - is VSS one or two systems? blind people?

Question 17

Keppel and Underwood

Answer 17

(1962) - proactive interference
- trigrams and then counted backwards
- recall after 3,9,18
- proved as info for trial 1 prevented recall

Question 18

McGeoch and McDonald

Answer 18

(1931) - effect of similarity (interference)
- competing interference
- stronger interference with similarity

Question 19

Tulving (RF)

Answer 19

(1985) - “encoding specificity principle”

Question 20

Baddeley (RF)

Answer 20

(1975) - context dependent forgetting, divers

Question 21

Loftus and Palmer

Answer 21

(1974) - distortion of EWT, misleading qs
- smashed = 40mph
- contacted = 31mph

Question 22

Clifford and Scott

Answer 22

(1976) - anxiety has a negative effect
- two different versions of a crime video
- recall was better on less stressful version

Question 23

Yerkes and Dodson effect

Answer 23

• bell curve of mid anxiety and peak recall

Question 24

Yuille and Cutshall

Answer 24

(1986) - no or possible positive effect
- 21 witnesses to shooting in Vancouver

Question 25

Geiselman

Answer 25

(1982) - compared different types of interview on accurate recall
- CI was 42%
- HI was 38%
- SI was 29.4%