Biopsychology Flashcards
McGuffin and Gottesman
(1985) - twin study - aggressive behaviour
- MZ=87%
- DZ=72%
Phineas Gage
(1848) - accident penetrated frontal lobe
- personality was altered
- supports localisation
- brain is not holistic
Hitzig and Fritsch
(1870) - stimulation motor area of dogs
Robertson
(1995) - somatosensory is adaptable
- larger are in braille readers than control group
‘Tan’
damage to Broca’s area -> inability to speak fluently
Dougherty et al
(2002) - 1/3 OCD improved after part of cingulate gyrus was removed
Lashley
(1950) - against localisation
- removed 10-50% of rats brain
- still able to do the maze
Tulving
(1994) - different types of memory are localised (brain scans)
Peterson et al
(1988) - brain scans demonstrated the activation of Broca’s and Wernicke’s
Sperry
(1968) - split brain patients
- visual and tactile tasks
- language is lateralised to left
Fink et al
(1996) - normal brains also have different process in different hemispheres
Nielsen et al
(2013) - no evidence for a dominant side of the brain
Maguire et al
(2000) - plasticity of brain
- matched pairs: taxi and control groups
- more grey matter in hippocampus than non drivers (MRI)
Kuhn
30+mins of video games a day had cognitive demands = increased brain matter in hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum
Mechelli
(2004) - larger parietal cortex in bilingual people than non-bilingual
Siffre
(1975) - 6 months texan cave, approximately 25h with no external effects
Folkard et al
(1995) - 12 people in cave, speeding the clock
Aschoff and Wever
(1976) - WWII bunker for weeks, most stayed circadian, one was 29h
McClintock and Stern
(1998) - 68% synced to odour donor
Morgan
(1995) removed the SCN of hamsters
- sleep-wake cycle disappeared
- re-appeared when fetal hamster SCN cells were transplanted
Campbell and Murphy
(1998) light (in the form of a torch) is a key exogenous zeitgeber
- shone light on the back of participants’ knees
= disrupted their sleep cycles by up to three hours
excitation
neurotransmitter that increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neurone
- likely to fire
- excitatory post synaptic potential
eg adrenaline
inhibitory
neurotransmitter that increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neurone
- less likely to fire
- inhibitory post synaptic potential
eg serotonin, dopamine
summation
excitatory and inhibitory influences are summed to determine whether/how frequently the neuron will fire
