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Psych > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

power to recall that which has been learned

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2
Q

3 stages of memory

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

put info into the memory system (5 senses)

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4
Q

Storage

A

keeping info in the memory system (capacity)

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

recalling info from memory system

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6
Q

Capacity

A

how much info can you keep

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7
Q

Duration

A

how long can info stay

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8
Q

2 processes

A

recall and recognition

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9
Q

Recall

A

pulling info without very much help (short answer)

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10
Q

Recognition

A

pulling info with help (multiple choice)

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11
Q

Encoding (sensory)

A

echoes- sounds like
icons- looks like

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13
Q

Storage (sensory)

A
  • capacity: moderate amount
  • duration:1 to 2 seconds
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14
Q

Retrieval (sensory)

A

decay/fading theory (use or lose)

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15
Q

Encoding (STM)

A
  • visual coding (looks like)
  • acoustic coding (sounds like)
    (acoustic dominates/ visual fades)
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16
Q

Storage (STM)

A
  • a limited amount of info (can’t hold a lot)
  • capacity: 7 plus or minus 2 items
  • duration: limited to 15-20 seconds
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17
Q

Retrieval (STM)

A
  • Decaying/ Fading theory (use it or lose it)
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18
Q

Encoding (LTM) 2 parts

A

Declarative and Non-declarative

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19
Q

Declarative

A
  • Rules, facts, generalizations
  • Semantic and episodic
  • More verbal
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20
Q

Semantic

A

dictionary type info

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21
Q

Episodic

A

diary type info

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22
Q

Non-Declarative

A
  • nonverbal
  • procedural memory (how to do something)
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23
Q

Storage (LTM)

A
  • capacity: unlimited
  • duration: unlimited
24
Q

Retrieval (LTM)

A

the connection between storage and retrieval

25
Q

Cognitive process

A

strategy used to transfer information to the next memory system to be processed further

26
Q

Selective attention

A
  • focus on information
  • concentrate on information
27
Q

Short term memory

A

storage place that holds information for a short amount of time

28
Q

Working memory

A

allows us to mentally work with or manipulate information being held in STM

29
Q

STM chunking

A

larger, meaningful, groupings of info

30
Q

STM automaticity

A

knowing info so well it becomes automatic

31
Q

2 parts of Rehearsal

A

Rote/Maintenance and Elaborative

32
Q

Rote/Maintenance

A

repeating info as given

33
Q

Elaborative

A
  • give it meaning and then repeating
  • relate to something in LTM
34
Q

Decay/Fading theory

A
  • use it or lose it
  • especially likely in sensory registers and short term memory
35
Q

Encoding (LTM)

A
  • surface coding: 5 basic senses
    a) structural - looks like
    b) phonological - sounds like
  • deep coding: semantic coding (meaning)
36
Q

Motivated forgetting

A
  • forget because it is too painful to remember
  • repression (Freudian)
  • psychogenic amnesia
37
Q

Interference/ Inhibition

A
  • information is being blocked
  • 2 parts: Retroactive and Proactive
38
Q

Retroactive Inhibition

A
  • newly learned information blocks the recall of earlier learned information
  • old information replaced/ blocked because of newer information
39
Q

Proactive Inhibition

A
  • earlier learned information blocked the recall of newly learned info
40
Q

Brain damage

A

physiological based amnesia

41
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • loss of memory for any events that occur after a brain injury
  • can’t form new memory
42
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A
  • loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury
  • loses days, months, and years before an injury
  • most victims of retrograde gradually recover their memories
43
Q

Retrieval theory

A
  • lack of retrieval cues
  • failure to recall because of encoding failure
  • didn’t put enough information in your system
44
Q

mnemonic devices

A
  • methods for organizing information in order to remember it
  • usually some type of imagery
45
Q

Method of Loci

A

associates images with places you know

46
Q

Acronyms

A

HOMES- as in Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

47
Q

Rhyming

A

I before E except after C

48
Q

Conditions are the same

A
  • context-dependent memory:
    *external environment
    * memories are helped or
    hindered by similarities or
    differences in the
    environmental context
  • state-dependent memory:
    * internal state
    * looks at how we are
    feeling when the
    information is learned
    * two should match
49
Q

Keywords

A
  • helpful in learning foreign language
  • pato / patio
50
Q

Distributed vs Massed practice

A
  • engage in distributed practice: break information into smaller study sessions
  • engage in massed practice: learning information in a single long study period
51
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Semantic memory

52
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

episodic memory

53
Q

Hippocampus (consolidation)

A

new memory

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

procedural memory

Psych (10 decks)

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