Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Limbic System
A
- Plays a role in emotional behavior
- A region in the brain
2
Q
3 parts of the Limbic System
A
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Septum
3
Q
What is the Hippocampus
A
- forms and retrieves memories, specifically new memories (short term)
4
Q
What is the Amygdala
A
Formation of emotional memories
5
Q
What is the septum
A
Pleasure and Anger suppression
6
Q
Cerebrum
A
- Major structure in the forebrain
- 2 large hemispheres that wrap around the brainstem
- Cortex forms the outermost layer
7
Q
Corpus Callosum
A
- White fibers that hold the 2 hemispheres of the brain together
- Communication link
- allows them to focus and function as a single unit
8
Q
Principle of opposite control
A
Left hemisphere controls right side of body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body
9
Q
Left Hemisphere
A
- Language (only in frontal lobe)
- Verbal abilities, speech, math, and logical abilities
10
Q
Right Hemisphere
A
Spatial relations, facial recognition, mental imagery, musical and artistic abilities
11
Q
Electroencephalogram
A
electrodes on scalp detect changes in electrical activity
12
Q
MRI
A
uses a strong magnetic field to see brains anatomy and cerebral blood flow changes (no metals on body)
13
Q
FMRI
A
uses magnetic field to see function and activity in the brain (no metals on body)
14
Q
Pet Scan
A
Radioactive substance is ingested to see activity in the brain. Used for diagnostic purposes and to see brain development
15
Q
CT or CAT scan
A
X-Ray photographs that do not damage the brain
16
Q
Endocrine system
A
- hormone secreting glands
- ductless glands
- 6 major parts: Pituitary, Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads (sex glands)
17
Q
Pituitary gland
A
- pea shaped organ
- located in brain
- regulates growth, plays role in salt and water metabolism
- secretes hormone oxytocin which causes uterus to contract for birth and causes milk production
- Master gland because it controls the other glands
18
Q
Pineal gland
A
- located above the brainstem
- secretes melatonin
- regulates sleep and wake cycle
19
Q
Thyroid gland
A
- located in the neck
- secretes the hormone thyroxin
- controls metabolism
20
Q
Parathyroid
A
embedded in the thyroid gland
21
Q
Pancreas
A
- curve between the stomach and small intestine
- regulates blood sugar levels
- has two hormones: Insulin and gluagon
22
Q
Underproduction of insulin results in
A
diabetes mellitus
23
Q
Adrenal glands
A
- twin structures that are located above the kidney
- outermost layer is the adrenal cortex
- innermost layer is the adrenal medulla
- prepares body for action
- involved in the body’s response to stress
- arousal when physically threatened
24
Q
Gonads
A
- sex glands (testes and ovaries)
- secretes two hormones: Androgen (Male) and Estrogen (Female)
25
Primary sex characteristics
Primary sexual characteristics are present at birth and comprise the external and internal genitalia
26
Secondary sex characteristics
Secondary sexual characteristics are those that emerge during the prepubescent through postpubescent phases
27
Stimulus
any form of energy to which the sense organs can respond (ex: An animal is cold so it moves into the sun.)
28
senses and sense organs
system that translates info/energy from outside the nervous system into neutral activity
29
transduction
process of converting outside stimuli such as light into neutral activity (occurs in receptor cells)
30
Sensation
a sense organs response to an external stimuli (message from the senses)
31
Perception
brains interpretation of sensation
32
psychophysics
relationship between physical energy and how we psychologically experience it
33
how can you measure perception
- present people with a stimulus then ask them to report it
- need to look at thresholds
34
Threshold
boundary or level (stimulation must reach a certain level to cross threshold)
35
Absolute threshold
- minimum amount of energy (stimulation) that can be detected 50% of the time
- amount of stimulation needed to perceive something varies from time to time
- two reasons: sensitivity and response bias
36
response bias
internal rule used to decide whether to say or report it as a signal (motivation and expectations)
37
sensitivity
our ability to pick out a stimulus (signal)
- influenced by: intensity of stimulus, noise (random firing of neurons), sensory systems,
38
Signal detection theory
X + -
+ hit false alarm
- miss correct rejection
39
Subliminal stimulation
- indicates 50% of the time
- some stimuli are below this threshold
- stimulus is too weak or too brief for us to notice
40
Supraliminal stimulation
- some stimuli are above the absolute threshold
41
Difference threshold
the minimum required difference between two stimuli for a person to notice change 50% of the time
42
Ernst Weber
- discovered smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus
43
JND (Just noticeable difference)
- need to know two things: intensity and sense stimulated
44
Physical stimulus for vision is...
Light
45
2 physical dimensions of light waves
Light amplitude and light wavelength
46
Light amplitude
Distance from base to top of wavelength
47
light wavelength
distance between peaks in light waves (determines color)
48
Cornea
- transparent covering of the eye
- bends light wave
- contact lenses sit on top of this
49
Aqueous humor
- watery substance in the back of the cornea
- keeps cornea rounded and glazy
- nourishes the eye
50
Pupil
- an adjustable opening in center of the iris
- constricts and dilates
51
Iris
- is a translucent
- doughnut shaped muscle
- controls size of pupil
52
Lens
- lens focus the visual image on the retina
- one concave and one convex
53
Ciliary muscles
- bend or pull to change the shape of lens
- bends light rays
54
Ocular accommodation
Bend
55
Myopia
near-sightedness (close objects are clear and far objects are blurry)
56
Hyperopia
far-sightedness (far objects are clear and close objects are blurry)
57
Vitreous humor
- jelly like
- gives shape
- most of the eye
58
Retina
- multilayered, light sensitive tissue
- transduction occurs
59
3 layers of retina cells
photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion neurons
60
photoreceptor cells
transforms light waves into neural impulses
- in retina to perform transduction
- two types: rods and cones
61
Rods
- highly sensitive to light
- function best in dim light
- primarily black and white
- not sensitive to color
- located in periphery of eye
62
Cones
- less sensitive to light
- better in bright light
- distinguishes color
- concentrated in fovea (center)
63
Fovea
- small area in the center of the retina
- densely packed cones
- contains no rods
64
Blind spot
- point at which optic nerve exits the eye
- no receptor cells (no rods and cones)
65
Optic nerve
- takes messages to brain
66
Adaptation
constant exposure to an unchanging stimulation causes a decrease in the sense organs response
67
Light adaptation
increasing ability to see in light as time in the light increases (ex: exiting a movie theater)
68
Dark adaptation
increasing ability to see in the dark as time in the dark increases (ex: going into a movie theater)
69
Trichromatic theory
- cones are most sensitive to wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red
- doesn't explain afterimages
- 3 types of cones: short, medium, and long
70
Short wavelength
most sensitive to blue
71
Medium wavelength
most sensitive to green
72
Long wavelength
most sensitive to reddish-yellow
73
Opponent process theory
- explains color afterimages
- color sensitive visual elements are grouped into pairs
- pair member oppose (inhibit) each other
- red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
74
Dual process theory
- combines the two theories to account for color perception
- trichromatic: cones are most sensitive to blue, green, and red
- opponent processes begin in ganglion cells and beyond (not the cones)
75
Colorblindness
inability to sense certain colors
76
trichromats
people with normal color vision
77
dichromats
people who are colorblind in one of the 3 systems
78
monochromats
- people who are completely colorblind (unable to see any color)
- sensitive only to the black and white system
- extremely rare
