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Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Plays a role in emotional behavior
  • A region in the brain
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2
Q

3 parts of the Limbic System

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Septum

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3
Q

What is the Hippocampus

A
  • forms and retrieves memories, specifically new memories (short term)
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4
Q

What is the Amygdala

A

Formation of emotional memories

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5
Q

What is the septum

A

Pleasure and Anger suppression

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6
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Major structure in the forebrain
  • 2 large hemispheres that wrap around the brainstem
  • Cortex forms the outermost layer
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7
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • White fibers that hold the 2 hemispheres of the brain together
  • Communication link
  • allows them to focus and function as a single unit
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8
Q

Principle of opposite control

A

Left hemisphere controls right side of body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body

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9
Q

Left Hemisphere

A
  • Language (only in frontal lobe)
  • Verbal abilities, speech, math, and logical abilities
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10
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Spatial relations, facial recognition, mental imagery, musical and artistic abilities

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11
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

electrodes on scalp detect changes in electrical activity

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12
Q

MRI

A

uses a strong magnetic field to see brains anatomy and cerebral blood flow changes (no metals on body)

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13
Q

FMRI

A

uses magnetic field to see function and activity in the brain (no metals on body)

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14
Q

Pet Scan

A

Radioactive substance is ingested to see activity in the brain. Used for diagnostic purposes and to see brain development

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15
Q

CT or CAT scan

A

X-Ray photographs that do not damage the brain

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16
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • hormone secreting glands
  • ductless glands
  • 6 major parts: Pituitary, Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads (sex glands)
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17
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • pea shaped organ
  • located in brain
  • regulates growth, plays role in salt and water metabolism
  • secretes hormone oxytocin which causes uterus to contract for birth and causes milk production
  • Master gland because it controls the other glands
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18
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • located above the brainstem
  • secretes melatonin
  • regulates sleep and wake cycle
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19
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • located in the neck
  • secretes the hormone thyroxin
  • controls metabolism
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20
Q

Parathyroid

A

embedded in the thyroid gland

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21
Q

Pancreas

A
  • curve between the stomach and small intestine
  • regulates blood sugar levels
  • has two hormones: Insulin and gluagon
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22
Q

Underproduction of insulin results in

A

diabetes mellitus

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23
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • twin structures that are located above the kidney
  • outermost layer is the adrenal cortex
  • innermost layer is the adrenal medulla
  • prepares body for action
  • involved in the body’s response to stress
  • arousal when physically threatened
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24
Q

Gonads

A
  • sex glands (testes and ovaries)
  • secretes two hormones: Androgen (Male) and Estrogen (Female)
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25
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Primary sexual characteristics are present at birth and comprise the external and internal genitalia

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26
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Secondary sexual characteristics are those that emerge during the prepubescent through postpubescent phases

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27
Q

Stimulus

A

any form of energy to which the sense organs can respond (ex: An animal is cold so it moves into the sun.)

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28
Q

senses and sense organs

A

system that translates info/energy from outside the nervous system into neutral activity

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29
Q

transduction

A

process of converting outside stimuli such as light into neutral activity (occurs in receptor cells)

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30
Q

Sensation

A

a sense organs response to an external stimuli (message from the senses)

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31
Q

Perception

A

brains interpretation of sensation

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32
Q

psychophysics

A

relationship between physical energy and how we psychologically experience it

33
Q

how can you measure perception

A
  • present people with a stimulus then ask them to report it
  • need to look at thresholds
34
Q

Threshold

A

boundary or level (stimulation must reach a certain level to cross threshold)

35
Q

Absolute threshold

A
  • minimum amount of energy (stimulation) that can be detected 50% of the time
  • amount of stimulation needed to perceive something varies from time to time
  • two reasons: sensitivity and response bias
36
Q

response bias

A

internal rule used to decide whether to say or report it as a signal (motivation and expectations)

37
Q

sensitivity

A

our ability to pick out a stimulus (signal)
- influenced by: intensity of stimulus, noise (random firing of neurons), sensory systems,

38
Q

Signal detection theory

A

X + -
+ hit false alarm

  • miss correct rejection
39
Q

Subliminal stimulation

A
  • indicates 50% of the time
  • some stimuli are below this threshold
  • stimulus is too weak or too brief for us to notice
40
Q

Supraliminal stimulation

A
  • some stimuli are above the absolute threshold
41
Q

Difference threshold

A

the minimum required difference between two stimuli for a person to notice change 50% of the time

42
Q

Ernst Weber

A
  • discovered smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus
43
Q

JND (Just noticeable difference)

A
  • need to know two things: intensity and sense stimulated
44
Q

Physical stimulus for vision is…

A

Light

45
Q

2 physical dimensions of light waves

A

Light amplitude and light wavelength

46
Q

Light amplitude

A

Distance from base to top of wavelength

47
Q

light wavelength

A

distance between peaks in light waves (determines color)

48
Q

Cornea

A
  • transparent covering of the eye
  • bends light wave
  • contact lenses sit on top of this
49
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • watery substance in the back of the cornea
  • keeps cornea rounded and glazy
  • nourishes the eye
50
Q

Pupil

A
  • an adjustable opening in center of the iris
  • constricts and dilates
51
Q

Iris

A
  • is a translucent
  • doughnut shaped muscle
  • controls size of pupil
52
Q

Lens

A
  • lens focus the visual image on the retina
  • one concave and one convex
53
Q

Ciliary muscles

A
  • bend or pull to change the shape of lens
  • bends light rays
54
Q

Ocular accommodation

A

Bend

55
Q

Myopia

A

near-sightedness (close objects are clear and far objects are blurry)

56
Q

Hyperopia

A

far-sightedness (far objects are clear and close objects are blurry)

57
Q

Vitreous humor

A
  • jelly like
  • gives shape
  • most of the eye
58
Q

Retina

A
  • multilayered, light sensitive tissue
  • transduction occurs
59
Q

3 layers of retina cells

A

photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion neurons

60
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

transforms light waves into neural impulses
- in retina to perform transduction
- two types: rods and cones

61
Q

Rods

A
  • highly sensitive to light
  • function best in dim light
  • primarily black and white
  • not sensitive to color
  • located in periphery of eye
62
Q

Cones

A
  • less sensitive to light
  • better in bright light
  • distinguishes color
  • concentrated in fovea (center)
63
Q

Fovea

A
  • small area in the center of the retina
  • densely packed cones
  • contains no rods
64
Q

Blind spot

A
  • point at which optic nerve exits the eye
  • no receptor cells (no rods and cones)
65
Q

Optic nerve

A
  • takes messages to brain
66
Q

Adaptation

A

constant exposure to an unchanging stimulation causes a decrease in the sense organs response

67
Q

Light adaptation

A

increasing ability to see in light as time in the light increases (ex: exiting a movie theater)

68
Q

Dark adaptation

A

increasing ability to see in the dark as time in the dark increases (ex: going into a movie theater)

69
Q

Trichromatic theory

A
  • cones are most sensitive to wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red
  • doesn’t explain afterimages
  • 3 types of cones: short, medium, and long
70
Q

Short wavelength

A

most sensitive to blue

71
Q

Medium wavelength

A

most sensitive to green

72
Q

Long wavelength

A

most sensitive to reddish-yellow

73
Q

Opponent process theory

A
  • explains color afterimages
  • color sensitive visual elements are grouped into pairs
  • pair member oppose (inhibit) each other
  • red/green, blue/yellow, black/white
74
Q

Dual process theory

A
  • combines the two theories to account for color perception
  • trichromatic: cones are most sensitive to blue, green, and red
  • opponent processes begin in ganglion cells and beyond (not the cones)
75
Q

Colorblindness

A

inability to sense certain colors

76
Q

trichromats

A

people with normal color vision

77
Q

dichromats

A

people who are colorblind in one of the 3 systems

78
Q

monochromats

A
  • people who are completely colorblind (unable to see any color)
  • sensitive only to the black and white system
  • extremely rare

Psych (10 decks)

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