Exam 4 (Part 6) Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Association learning theories

A
  • people learn by making connections or bonds
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2
Q

2 theories of association learning

A

classical and operant

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • making an association between two stimuli (pairing them)
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4
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response in an organism

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5
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A
  • unlearned stimulus
  • a stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response (UCR) without prior learning (conditioning)
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6
Q

Unconditioned response

A
  • Unlearned (not learned) response
  • A reflexive or innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning
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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A
  • Learned stimulus
  • A previously neutral stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR
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8
Q

Conditioned response

A
  • Learned response
  • A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
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9
Q

Acquisition

A
  • period in which a response is being learned
  • measured in trials
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10
Q

Trial

A

every time the NS and the UCS are presented together

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11
Q

Temporal pairings

A

1) Forward conditioning
- short delay/ trace
2) Simultaneous conditioning
3) Backward conditioning

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12
Q

Short-Delay

A
  • Present the NS
  • NS still present
  • Present the UCS
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13
Q

Trace

A
  • Present the NS and remove it
  • wait 1-2 seconds and present the UCS
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14
Q

Simultaneous

A
  • Present the NS and the UCS at the same time
  • Simultaneously/together
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15
Q

Backwards

A
  • Present the UCS
  • then present the NS
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16
Q

Extinction

A

a process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear

17
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials

18
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Any stimuli similar to the initial CS will elicit a CR

19
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

a CR occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not in the present of others (other stimuli)

20
Q

Higher-order

A
  • occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an established CS (not an UCS)
  • produces a CR that is weaker and extinguishes more rapidly than the original CR
21
Q

Classical conditioning applications

A
  • acquire fear
  • overcome fears (phobias)
22
Q

John Watson

A
  • Founder of behaviorism
  • little Albert (demonstrated that classical conditioning could be used to create a phobia.)
23
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A
  • Peter experiment
  • Deconditioning
  • Therapies (treating fears/phobias)
24
Q

Types of therapy for treating fears/phobias

A
  • Exposure
  • Systematic desensitization
25
Q

Instrumental and Operant conditioning

A
  • Behavior is controlled by its consequences
  • Association between response and consequences