Exam 4 (Part 5) Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

• Ones moment to moment awareness of self and environment (outside world)
• awareness of ones own mental activity like thoughts, feelings, and perceptions

Question 2

New level of consciousness

Answer 2

Non-Conscious

Question 3

Non-Conscious

Answer 3

• some events can’t be experienced consciously and are totally removed from the conscious awareness
• ex: you are not aware of your medulla regulating your blood pressure

Question 4

Sleep

Answer 4

• Most common altered state of consciousness
• Active, complex state

Question 5

Stages of sleep

Answer 5

• Non-Rem
• Rem

Question 6

Non-Rem

Answer 6

Stage N1, Stage N2, Stage N3

Question 7

Stage N1

Answer 7

• Light sleep
• Lasts 1-7 minutes
• Easily awakened
• Brainwaves become more irregular

Question 8

Stage N2

Answer 8

• Deeper level of sleep
• Characterized by sleep spindles
• Brief bursts of brainwave activity (1-2 seconds)

Question 9

Stage N3

Answer 9

• Deep sleep
• Also called slow wave sleep
• Deepest level
• Delta waves dominate
  Difficult to wake
• Groggy and confused

Question 10

Sleep level order

Answer 10

N1-N2-N3-N2-Stage 1-REM

Question 11

REM

Answer 11

Characterized by rapid eye movement and high arousal

Question 12

Paradoxical sleep

Answer 12

The body is highly aroused, yet there is very little movement

Question 13

REM sleep paralysis

Answer 13

Inability to move muscles during REM sleep

Question 14

REM bound effect

Answer 14

• Increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived of sleep (REM sleep)
• During the night, we go through 4-5 cycles of sleep, stage N3 decreases in length while REM periods increase in length as progress through cycles

Question 15

As we age, sleep per day…

Answer 15

Decreases

Question 16

Average hours for newborns

Answer 16

16 hours a day

Question 17

Average hours for adulthood

Answer 17

7-8 hours a day

Question 18

Average hours for elderly

Answer 18

6 hours a day

Question 19

Newborns spend how much time in REM

Answer 19

Half of their sleep

Question 20

Adults spend how much time in REM

Answer 20

Less than a quarter of their sleep

Question 21

Elderly spend how much time in REM

Answer 21

they spend less in N3 and REM and more in N2 and N1

Question 22

Insomnia

Answer 22

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

Question 23

Narcolepsy

Answer 23

• Abrupt shift from an active, emotional waking state into REM
• May experience cataplexy

Question 24

Sleep apnea

Answer 24

• Sudden stops in breathing while sleeping
• Hundreds of times every night
• No recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing
• Causes: Obesity, genetic predisposition

Question 25

Sudden infant death syndrome

Answer 25

- "Crib Death" - Most common age is between one month and one year - associated with low birth weight, smoking, brainstem underdevelopment, and genetic factors

Question 26

Nightmares

Answer 26

- Distressing or frightening stage 1 - REM sleep dreams - More toward morning when time to get up

Question 27

Sleep Terrors

Answer 27

- Horrific images during Stage N3 - Symptoms: bloodcurdling scream, frightened for 30 min, not recalling episode in the morning, common in little boys

Question 28

REM behavior disorder

Answer 28

- Normal REM sleep paralysis does not occur - Sleepers move and act out in dreams - Can be dangerous

Question 29

Circadian rhythms

Answer 29

- cued by cycles of light and darkness - Controlled by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) - Located in hypothalamus - Linked to pineal gland - Secretes melatonin

Question 30

Its more difficult to travel ____ to ____ because of JET LAG

Answer 30

west to east

Question 31

Freuds dreams theory

Answer 31

Dreams are disguised as a form of wish fulfillment

Question 32

Freuds two concepts of dreaming

Answer 32

Manifest and Latent

Question 33

Manifest content

Answer 33

what you see in the dream

Question 34

Latent content

Answer 34

hidden meaning

Question 35

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 35

- drugs that alter consciousness and other psychological processes - function at the synapse

Question 36

Agonists

Answer 36

bind to receptors to mimic neurotransmitters effect

Question 37

Antagonists

Answer 37

binds to receptors to block neurotransmitters effect

Question 38

Psychoactive drug examples:

Answer 38

1) Depressants: alcohol 2) Stimulants: amphetamines 3) Opiates 4) Hallucinogens

Question 39

Depressants

Answer 39

- Reduces CNS activity by increasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 40

Effects of depressants

Answer 40

relaxation, drowsiness, and depression

Question 41

Alcohol

Answer 41

- most used CNS depressant drug by far - reduces activity in cerebral cortex - impairs hippocampus - suppresses cerebellum - depresses the hindbrain (medulla) mechanisms

Question 42

Stimulants

Answer 42

- increases the CNS activity - increases behavioral and mental activity - examples: amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine

Question 43

Opiates

Answer 43

- relieves pain - drowsy effect; induces sleep - highly addictive - examples: morphine, heroin, codeine

Question 44

Hallucinogens

Answer 44

- called psychedelic drugs - creates a loss of contact with reality - causes feelings of distortion - dream like fantasies and hallucinations - examples: LSD, marijuana, ketamine