Memory Flashcards
encoding
the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into a memory
storage
the information that is encoded is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved
retrieval
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
What is the shallowest level of processing?
physical
What is the deepest level of processing?
semantic
physical processing
characteristics of the word
acoustic
verbal cues of the word
semantic
meaning of the word
mnemonics
strategies for remembering large amounts of information
What is the first memory store in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
sensory store
sensory store
accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time
The sensory store is ____ capacity, ____ time
high, low
echoic memory
auditory sense held in sensory memory store
iconic memory
visual sense held in sensory memory store
What is the second memory store in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
short-term store
short-term store
information transferred from the sensory store are held for a limited duration
How long is information held in short-term memory?
15-30 seconds
How much information can the short-term memory store?
7 ± 2
How can information be kept longer in the short-term memory?
repetition
chunking
information grouped into a meaningful unit
working memory
a manipulation of information held in the short-term memory for a task that is being done
a more active interpretation of short-term memory
phonological loop
auditory memory
ex: repeating a phone number to memorize it
phonological loop
auditory memory
ex: repeating a phone number to memorize it
visuospatial sketchpad
visual memory
ex: doing long division in your head
visuospatial sketchpad
visual memory
ex: doing long division in your head
episodic buffer
allows information to pass from the phonological loop to the visuospatial sketchpad
central executive
memory “boss” that acts as the higher-control order of retention
True or False:
It is easy to retain two different kinds of information from the same stream (phonological loop or visuospatial sketchpad)
False
long-term memory
any information that stays longer than short-term memory (longer than 20 seconds)
True or False:
While rehearsal is necessary to keep information in the short-term memory, long-term memory can persist over time without conscious activation.
True
True or False:
Memory is retrieved from the long-term memory store into the working memory for a task at hand.
True
explicit (declarative) memory
memory that is expressed verbally and requires conscious awareness (ex. facts and events)
episodic memory
a type of explicit memory that recalls a certain event or personal experience
semantic memory
a type of explicit memory that involves facts and general knowledge
True or False:
People who have lost their episodic memory are still able to envision what they’re going to do in the future.
False
Episodic memory also accounts for prospective memory.
True or False:
Some memories can move from episodic to semantic.
True
implicit (non-declarative) memory
memory that is expressed behaviorally and does not require conscious awareness (ex. muscle memory)
procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to do something
priming memory
a type of implicit memory that involves exposure that influences behavior
conditioning
a type of implicit memory that involves associative and reward-based learning
primacy effect
more likely to remember an item in the beginning of a list
In primacy effect, where is the memory stored?
long-term memory
recency effect
more likely to remember an item at the end of a list
In recency effect, where is the memory stored?
short-term memory
True or False:
Even if rehearsal is interrupted, the memory can still move from short-term to long-term.
false
retrograde amnesia
cannot remember events prior to brain damage
anterograde
cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage
What kind of amnesia did patient HM have?
anterograde amnesia
True or False:
Patient HM was unable to form new explicit memories, but his implicit memory was intact.
true
What happened when Patient HM performed the mirror tracing task?
Even when he didn’t remember doing it the day prior, he still improved each day.
What kind of amnesia did Patient KC have?
retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Patient KC’s ____ memories were intact, but not his ____ memories
semantic; episodic
True or False:
When you retrieve information from long-term memory, the memory itself cannot be modified.
False
The memory CAN be modified.
Retrieval depends on ____ that help bring information to mind.
context effects
encoding specificity principle
the more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation, the better the retrieval
What happened in the scuba diver experiment?
learning and recalling in the same environment led to better retrieval, but doing so in opposite environments led to poor retrieval
example of recall
- naming everything you need to buy at the market
- short response or true/false questions
example of recognition
- seeing a tomato at the market and deciding whether or not it was on your list
- fill-in-the blank or multiple choice questions
example of savings
learning something faster the second time around
True or False:
How we store our experiences in memory depends on our interpretations and expectations of them.
true
schemas
organized knowledge structures or mental models that we’ve stored in our memory
proactive interference
old learning interferes with new learning
retroactive interference
new learning interferes with old learning
blocking
failing to recall something, even when you know it (“tip of the tongue” phenomenon)
What happened in the Loftus & Palmer study?
misinformation led to false memory
* those who were asked how fast the cars going when they “smashed” together reported the highest speed
* those who were asked how fast the cars going when they “contacted” together reported the lowest speed
transcience
most forgetting happens fast
What does the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm show?
a false memory can be developed through a critical lure
snooze, yawn, blanket –> sleep
