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PSYCH 10 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

encoding

A

the process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into a memory

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2
Q

storage

A

the information that is encoded is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

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3
Q

retrieval

A

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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4
Q

What is the shallowest level of processing?

A

physical

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5
Q

What is the deepest level of processing?

A

semantic

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6
Q

physical processing

A

characteristics of the word

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7
Q

acoustic

A

verbal cues of the word

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8
Q

semantic

A

meaning of the word

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9
Q

mnemonics

A

strategies for remembering large amounts of information

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10
Q

What is the first memory store in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

A

sensory store

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11
Q

sensory store

A

accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

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12
Q

The sensory store is ____ capacity, ____ time

A

high, low

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13
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory sense held in sensory memory store

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

visual sense held in sensory memory store

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15
Q

What is the second memory store in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

A

short-term store

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16
Q

short-term store

A

information transferred from the sensory store are held for a limited duration

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17
Q

How long is information held in short-term memory?

A

15-30 seconds

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18
Q

How much information can the short-term memory store?

A

7 ± 2

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19
Q

How can information be kept longer in the short-term memory?

A

repetition

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20
Q

chunking

A

information grouped into a meaningful unit

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21
Q

working memory

A

a manipulation of information held in the short-term memory for a task that is being done

a more active interpretation of short-term memory

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22
Q

phonological loop

A

auditory memory

ex: repeating a phone number to memorize it

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23
Q

phonological loop

A

auditory memory

ex: repeating a phone number to memorize it

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24
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

visual memory

ex: doing long division in your head

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25
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

visual memory

ex: doing long division in your head

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26
Q

episodic buffer

A

allows information to pass from the phonological loop to the visuospatial sketchpad

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27
Q

central executive

A

memory “boss” that acts as the higher-control order of retention

28
Q

True or False:
It is easy to retain two different kinds of information from the same stream (phonological loop or visuospatial sketchpad)

A

False

29
Q

long-term memory

A

any information that stays longer than short-term memory (longer than 20 seconds)

30
Q

True or False:
While rehearsal is necessary to keep information in the short-term memory, long-term memory can persist over time without conscious activation.

A

True

31
Q

True or False:
Memory is retrieved from the long-term memory store into the working memory for a task at hand.

A

True

32
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A

memory that is expressed verbally and requires conscious awareness (ex. facts and events)

33
Q

episodic memory

A

a type of explicit memory that recalls a certain event or personal experience

34
Q

semantic memory

A

a type of explicit memory that involves facts and general knowledge

35
Q

True or False:
People who have lost their episodic memory are still able to envision what they’re going to do in the future.

A

False
Episodic memory also accounts for prospective memory.

36
Q

True or False:
Some memories can move from episodic to semantic.

A

True

37
Q

implicit (non-declarative) memory

A

memory that is expressed behaviorally and does not require conscious awareness (ex. muscle memory)

38
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to do something

39
Q

priming memory

A

a type of implicit memory that involves exposure that influences behavior

40
Q

conditioning

A

a type of implicit memory that involves associative and reward-based learning

41
Q

primacy effect

A

more likely to remember an item in the beginning of a list

42
Q

In primacy effect, where is the memory stored?

A

long-term memory

43
Q

recency effect

A

more likely to remember an item at the end of a list

44
Q

In recency effect, where is the memory stored?

A

short-term memory

45
Q

True or False:
Even if rehearsal is interrupted, the memory can still move from short-term to long-term.

A

false

46
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

cannot remember events prior to brain damage

47
Q

anterograde

A

cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage

48
Q

What kind of amnesia did patient HM have?

A

anterograde amnesia

49
Q

True or False:
Patient HM was unable to form new explicit memories, but his implicit memory was intact.

A

true

50
Q

What happened when Patient HM performed the mirror tracing task?

A

Even when he didn’t remember doing it the day prior, he still improved each day.

51
Q

What kind of amnesia did Patient KC have?

A

retrograde and anterograde amnesia

52
Q

Patient KC’s ____ memories were intact, but not his ____ memories

A

semantic; episodic

53
Q

True or False:
When you retrieve information from long-term memory, the memory itself cannot be modified.

A

False
The memory CAN be modified.

54
Q

Retrieval depends on ____ that help bring information to mind.

A

context effects

55
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the more similar the retrieval situation is to the encoding situation, the better the retrieval

56
Q

What happened in the scuba diver experiment?

A

learning and recalling in the same environment led to better retrieval, but doing so in opposite environments led to poor retrieval

57
Q

example of recall

A
  • naming everything you need to buy at the market
  • short response or true/false questions
58
Q

example of recognition

A
  • seeing a tomato at the market and deciding whether or not it was on your list
  • fill-in-the blank or multiple choice questions
59
Q

example of savings

A

learning something faster the second time around

60
Q

True or False:
How we store our experiences in memory depends on our interpretations and expectations of them.

A

true

61
Q

schemas

A

organized knowledge structures or mental models that we’ve stored in our memory

62
Q

proactive interference

A

old learning interferes with new learning

63
Q

retroactive interference

A

new learning interferes with old learning

64
Q

blocking

A

failing to recall something, even when you know it (“tip of the tongue” phenomenon)

65
Q

What happened in the Loftus & Palmer study?

A

misinformation led to false memory
* those who were asked how fast the cars going when they “smashed” together reported the highest speed
* those who were asked how fast the cars going when they “contacted” together reported the lowest speed

66
Q

transcience

A

most forgetting happens fast

67
Q

What does the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm show?

A

a false memory can be developed through a critical lure

snooze, yawn, blanket –> sleep

PSYCH 10 (12 decks)

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