Learning Flashcards
learning
any experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
classical conditioning
associative learning
Who coined classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that does not give a response
unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus that naturally causes a response
unconditioned response
response that naturally occurs as a result of an unconditioned sitmulus
conditioned stimulus
a formerly neutral stimulus that triggers the unconditioned response
conditioned response
a formerly unconditioned response that is triggered by a conditioned stimulus
before conditioning
NS → no response
US → UR
during conditioning
(acquisition)
NS + US → UR
after conditioning
CS → CR
True or False:
the more times the two stimuli are paired, the stronger the acquisition
True
second-order conditioning
taking a conditioned stimulus and pairing it with another neutral stimulus to result in the same conditioned response
process of second-order conditioning
CS → CR
CS + NS → CR
CS #2 → CR
extinction
when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US and the learned response is eliminated
spontaneous recovery
when a response is re-learned
generalization
when similar stimuli elicit the same conditioned response
different bell tones still produce salivation
discrimination
ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
dog shows less salivation to a different bell tone
discrimination
ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
dog shows less salivation to a different bell tone
What two things affect classical conditioning?
- evolutionary preparedness
- familiarity/expectations
operant conditioning
learning that results from rewarded behavior
Who coined operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
behaviors with favorable consequences become more likely
behaviors with unfavorable consequences become less likely
positive reinforcement
adding a favorable consequence to increase behavior
getting a cookie for eating veggies
negative reinforcement
removing an unfavorable consequence to increase behavior
lowering insurance rates for safe driving
positive punishment
adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease behavior
getting a ticket for speeding
negative punishment
removing a favorable consequence to decrease behavior
no video games because of bad grades
negative punishment
removing a favorable consequence to decrease behavior
no video games because of bad grades
shaping
rewarding all the successful approximations and tiny steps leading up to the target behavior
observational learning
an organism learns by watching others
partial/intermittent reinforcement
behaviors are not awarded every time
continuous reinforcement
behaviors awarded every time
Which reinforcement schedule resists extinction longer?
partial/intermittent reinforcement
fixed ratio
reward after a given number of behaviors
earning a bonus for every 5 cars sold
variable ratio
reward after an average number of behaviors
slot machine
fixed interval
reward after a given amount of time
paycheck every 2 weeks
variable interval
reward after an average amount of time
response to an email
What is the trend of ratio schedules?
high response rates
What is the trend of fixed interval schedule?
inconsistency
What is the trend of variable interval?
steady response
Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
variable ratio
Which psychologist supported the nativist theory of language?
Noam Chomsky
