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PSYCH 10 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

any experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

associative learning

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3
Q

Who coined classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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4
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that does not give a response

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5
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

stimulus that naturally causes a response

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6
Q

unconditioned response

A

response that naturally occurs as a result of an unconditioned sitmulus

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7
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a formerly neutral stimulus that triggers the unconditioned response

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8
Q

conditioned response

A

a formerly unconditioned response that is triggered by a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

before conditioning

A

NS → no response
US → UR

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10
Q

during conditioning
(acquisition)

A

NS + US → UR

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11
Q

after conditioning

A

CS → CR

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12
Q

True or False:
the more times the two stimuli are paired, the stronger the acquisition

A

True

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13
Q

second-order conditioning

A

taking a conditioned stimulus and pairing it with another neutral stimulus to result in the same conditioned response

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14
Q

process of second-order conditioning

A

CS → CR
CS + NS → CR
CS #2 → CR

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15
Q

extinction

A

when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US and the learned response is eliminated

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

when a response is re-learned

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17
Q

generalization

A

when similar stimuli elicit the same conditioned response

different bell tones still produce salivation

18
Q

discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

dog shows less salivation to a different bell tone

19
Q

discrimination

A

ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

dog shows less salivation to a different bell tone

20
Q

What two things affect classical conditioning?

A
  1. evolutionary preparedness
  2. familiarity/expectations
21
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning that results from rewarded behavior

22
Q

Who coined operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner

23
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

behaviors with favorable consequences become more likely
behaviors with unfavorable consequences become less likely

24
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding a favorable consequence to increase behavior

getting a cookie for eating veggies

25
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing an unfavorable consequence to increase behavior

lowering insurance rates for safe driving

26
Q

positive punishment

A

adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease behavior

getting a ticket for speeding

27
Q

negative punishment

A

removing a favorable consequence to decrease behavior

no video games because of bad grades

28
Q

negative punishment

A

removing a favorable consequence to decrease behavior

no video games because of bad grades

29
Q

shaping

A

rewarding all the successful approximations and tiny steps leading up to the target behavior

30
Q

observational learning

A

an organism learns by watching others

31
Q

partial/intermittent reinforcement

A

behaviors are not awarded every time

32
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

behaviors awarded every time

33
Q

Which reinforcement schedule resists extinction longer?

A

partial/intermittent reinforcement

34
Q

fixed ratio

A

reward after a given number of behaviors

earning a bonus for every 5 cars sold

35
Q

variable ratio

A

reward after an average number of behaviors

slot machine

36
Q

fixed interval

A

reward after a given amount of time

paycheck every 2 weeks

37
Q

variable interval

A

reward after an average amount of time

response to an email

38
Q

What is the trend of ratio schedules?

A

high response rates

39
Q

What is the trend of fixed interval schedule?

A

inconsistency

40
Q

What is the trend of variable interval?

A

steady response

41
Q

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

A

variable ratio

42
Q

Which psychologist supported the nativist theory of language?

A

Noam Chomsky

PSYCH 10 (12 decks)

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