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PSYCH 10 > Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Clinical Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What manual provides criteria for diagnosing various mental disorders?

A

DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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2
Q

What are the two criteria for diagnosing clinical depression?

A
  1. persistent disturbance or dysfunction that causes significant distress and interrupts daily life
  2. number of symptoms and length of time
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3
Q

labeling

A

using a person-centered approach when using diagnostic labels

person with depression vs. depressed people

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4
Q

What are benefits of labeling?

A
  • helps to communicate between practitioners
  • allows for greater standardization of diagnoses
  • can guide practitioners in selecting the “most effective” treatment option
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5
Q

What are drawbacks for labeling?

A
  • can lead to stigma, lower self-esteem, feelings of helplessness
  • can be problematic if just “below” cut-off for symptoms
  • systematic diagnosis of mental illnesses can be difficult
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6
Q

What kind of approach does the DSM take?

A

medical approach

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7
Q

True or False:
The DSM changes its criteria based on advances in research and response to society.

A

True

ex: homosexuality and criteria for autism spectrum disorder

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7
Q

True or False:
The DSM changes its criteria based on advances in research and response to society.

A

True

ex: homosexuality and criteria for autism spectrum disorder

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8
Q

True or False:
Impulse-control and substance disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders.

A

False
Anxiety and mood disorders are the most prevalent.

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9
Q

What is a different approach to classifying mental disorders?

A

Research Domain Criteria Project

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10
Q

What does the Research Domain Criteria Project view psyhological disorders as?

A

the result of differences/dysfunction in normal psychological processes and the underlying causes of disorders

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11
Q

What does the Research Domain Criteria Project help explain?

A

comorbidity: the overlapping of symptoms and disorders

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12
Q

What are the three factors that overlap in mental health issues?

A
  • biological
  • psychological
  • social
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13
Q

What does the Diathesis-Stress model show?

A

biology x stress = psychological disorder

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14
Q

anxiety

A

negative mood state accompanied by bodily symptoms such as:
* increased heart rate
* muscle tension
* a sense of unease
* worry about the future

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15
Q

True or False:
Everyone experiences anxiety, but not everyone has anxiety disorder.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the difference between anxiety and having an anxiety disorder?

A

when the anxiety interferes with everyday life

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17
Q

True or False:
Women are more likely to have anxiety than men.

A

True

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18
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

excessive worry about everyday things that is out of proportion to the specific cause of wory

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19
Q

How long does the excessive worry have to last?

A

at least 6 months

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20
Q

True or False:
In generalized anxiety disorder, the source of the worry is always the same.

A

False
The source of the worry is constantly changing.

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21
Q

What are the four symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A
  • difficulty concentrating
  • muscle tension
  • fatigue
  • sleep problems
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22
Q

Panic Disorder

A

a disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks

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23
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder occurs in a ____ period of time and is ____, while panic disorder occurs in ____ and is a very ____ and ____ fear.

A

long; constant
short bursts; sudden; intense

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24
Q

True or False:
People with panic disorder will have intense anxiety and avoidance related to the attack for at least 1 week.

A

False
They will experience intense anxiety related to the attack for at least 1 month.

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25
Q

agoraphobia
(in conjunction with panic disorder)

A

fear of having a panic attack in public places

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26
Q

What are some symptoms of a panic attack?

A
  • sweating
  • dizziness
  • chest pain or discomfort
  • rapid pulse or heart palpitations
  • hot and cold
  • fear of death
  • shallow breathing
  • shaking
  • upset stomach and nausea
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27
Q

specific phobias

A

irrational fear of a specific object or situation that substantially interferes with the person’s ability to function in everyday life

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28
Q

True or False:
In order to be diagnosed with specific phobia, it MUST interfere with your daily life.

A

True

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29
Q

True or False:
Specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorder.

A

True

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30
Q

What are the 5 major subtypes of specific phobia?

A
  • blood-injury-injection
  • situational types (planes, elevators)
  • natural environment (height, water, storms)
  • animal type (spiders, snakes)
  • other (choking, vomiting)
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31
Q

True or False:
The symptoms of specific phobias can vary.

A

True

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32
Q

True or False:
Phobias are so common because the targets of phobias can pose real threats.

A

True

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33
Q

preparedness theory

A

people are predisposed toward certain fears

i.e. easier to condition fear in humans for snakes and spiders

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34
Q

preparedness theory

A

people are predisposed toward certain fears

i.e. easier to condition fear in humans for snakes and spiders

35
Q

True or False:
The Little Albert experiment is a good indicator of how fears are learned.

A

False
People with phobias aren’t necessarily more likely to recall negative experiences with the fear.

36
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear of social situations which leads to worry and diminished day-to-day functioning

37
Q

True or False:
To be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, the fear must be out of proportion to the risk.

A

True

public speaking

38
Q

True or False:
To be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, the fear must be out of proportion to the risk.

A

True

public speaking

39
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder

A

mental disorder that results from exposure to a traumatic event

40
Q

What are the three criteria of PTSD?

A
  • chronic psychological arousal
  • recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma
  • avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
41
Q

True or False:
The criteria of PTSD must be experienced for more than 1 month.

A

True

42
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

characterized by obsessive thoughts and/or compulsions that seem irrational or nonsensical

43
Q

What are the two criteria of obsessions/compulsions that warrant a diagnosis of OCD?

A
  • takes up significant amount of time (at least 1 hour per day)
  • causes significant distress or impairment in function
44
Q

What is an example of OCD?

A

repeatedly checking if the door is locked or stove is on

45
Q

obsessions

A

unwanted, inappropriate and persistent thoughts

worried about germs and hygiene

46
Q

obsessions

A

unwanted, inappropriate and persistent thoughts

worried about germs and hygiene

47
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive, often ritualistic behaviors

avoiding contact with others and objects touched by others

48
Q

What is the cycle of OCD?

A

obsessions –> anxiety –> compulsions –> relief

49
Q

unipolar mood disorders

A

a cluster of disorders related to depression

50
Q

major depressive disorder

A

at least one or more major depressive episodes but no history of manic or hypomanic episodes

51
Q

What are the 9 symptoms of major depressive disorder?

A
  • depressed mood
  • anhedonia: loss of pleasure in things one used to enjoy
  • weight loss or increase in appetite
  • insomnia/hypersomnia
  • agitation/psychomotor retardation
  • fatigue/loss of energy
  • worthlessness, excessive or inappropriate guilt
  • diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness
  • recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or attempt
52
Q

How long do symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder have to occur to warrant a diagnosis?

A

at least 2 weeks

53
Q

True or False:
When one identical twin has depression, it is unlikely the other has depression.

A

False
Because of biological factors, it is likely that both of them have depression.

54
Q

True or False:
The type of serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) that one has (long or short) can affect the probability of depression by itself.

A

False
It only has an effect when interacting with environmental stressors.

55
Q

True or False:
A person with the short verison of the gene is more likely to have depression than a person with the long version.

A

True

56
Q

bipolar disorder

A

characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

57
Q

What are the symptoms of mania?

A
  • decreased need for sleep
  • talkativeness
  • racing thoughts
  • reckless behavior
58
Q

True or False:
The cycles of bipolar disorder are instantaneous.

A

False
These cycles last for a very long time (at least 1 week)

59
Q

True or False:
Mania feels good and depression feels sad.

A

False
Mania feels beyond reason and is distressing.

60
Q

schizophrenia

A

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech

61
Q

Which two symptoms must a person have to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

A
  • depressed mood
  • anhedonia
62
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs

63
Q

What are the three types of delusions?

A
  • persecutory (someone is harming you)
  • grandiose (unrealistic)
  • referential (everyone is talking about you)
64
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptual experiences that occur when there is no stimulus in outside world generating those experiences

65
Q

What is the main type of hallucination experienced by people with schizophrenia?

A

auditory

66
Q

disorganized speech

A

speech that is difficult to follow because answers do not clearly follow questions or one sentence does not logically flow from another

67
Q

How many symptoms have to be experienced to be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder?

A

5 or more of 9 symptoms

68
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • disorganized or catatonic behavior
  • negative symptoms
69
Q

At least ____ schizophrenia symptoms have to present for at least ____ month(s).

A

2; 1

70
Q

What are the positive symptoms (excess) of schizophrenia?

A
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • disorganized speech
  • disorganized behavior
71
Q

What are the negative symptoms (reduction) of schizophrenia?

A
  • flat affect (monotone)
  • alogia: poverty of speech
  • anhedonia
  • social withdrawal
72
Q

True or False:
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are very similar to depression. If paired with one of the positive symptoms, it leads to a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

A

True

73
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • difficulty in sustaining attention
  • poor problem solving
  • deficits in learning and memory
  • poor abstract thinking
74
Q

What are the biological symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • larger ventricles
  • reduced overall brain volume
75
Q

What are the risk factors of developing schizophrenia?

A
  • biology
  • issues during pregnancy
76
Q

What are the two kinds of psychotherapy?

A
  • psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy
  • cognitive behavioral therapy
77
Q

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy

A

reflection-based therapy that gives patients insight into their unconscious thoughts and feelings and reveals how childhood experiences shaped them

78
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

teaches people future-oriented, more constructive ways of thinking and acting

79
Q

What is the cycle used in cognitive behavioral therapy?

A

thoughts/cognitive processes –> behaviors –> feelings/emotions

80
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effect of drugs on the mind and behavior

81
Q

antipsychotic medication

A

blocks dopamine receptor sites (antagonist)

82
Q

What symptoms do antipsychotic medication treat?

A

postive symptoms

83
Q

antidepressant medication

A

agonists for serotonin

84
Q

What is the most effective combination of treatment for panic disorder?

A

CBT + medication

PSYCH 10 (12 decks)

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