Memory Flashcards
Encoding
when information is first being learned
storage
describes what information is being stored in the brain and how
retrieval
describes how we access prior experience to make use of them in the present
Retrieval cue
any piece of information that can be used to access other information that is stored in memory
Free recall test
very few retrieval cues are provided, participants are simply asked to remember as many items as they can from the encoding phase with no additional information to help them remember
recognition test
the participant is shown several items: some of which were not previously show and some that were and are asked to identify the items that were previously shown
Anterograde amnesia
the inability to commite new information to memory
Multi-stored model
assumes incoming sensory information is first stored in a short-term memory buffer and then transferred to the long-term fir mire permanent storage
Primacy effect
memory preformance is good for items encoded early in the list - increased by increasing time between item presentation
recency effect
the ability to remember the last items on the list because they are still active in short term memory - can be diminished by disrupting info
Shallow level of encoding
- requires little effort
- encode physical characteristics
- poor memory preformance
deeper level of encoding
- requires significant effort
- encode semantic characteristics
- better memory preformance
moderate level of encoding
- encoding requires some effort
- encode acoustic characteristics
- moderate memory preformance
encoding specificity
even when you encode a word in a memory experiment, you are encoding all of the specific aspects of that experience
Interference
an inability to access information form memory due to other similar information ‘competing for retrieval’
Fluency
The ease with which an experience is processed - familiar experiences are generally processed more fluently
Attribution
judgement tying together causes with effects
Central Executive
Coordinates and manipulates the information stored in the working memory buffers
Chunking
The process by which information is organized into sets of familiar groups and categories of items, which can help increase the total number of items stored in memory
Decay Theory
the idea that forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time
Echoic Memory
sensory memory for our auditory system
False fame effect
we attribute fame to a name since we cannot remember where we have seen it before
Haptic Memory
sensory memory for our tactile system
iconic memory
sensory memory for our visual system
