Influence of Others Flashcards
Co-actors
Individuals preforming the same task along with you
Audience
a group of people observing you preforming a task
Social Facilitation
The presence of co-actors or an audience affects preformance on a variety of tasks
Zajonc theory
tge presence of others increases your arousal or physiological activity enhancing simple tasks and hindering complex task preformance
Social Learning Theory
we learn appropriate behaviors by modeling and imitating the behavior of others
Norms
guide the way we interact with others and the world around us and act as unwritten but commonly accepted rules for how to behave
Conformiry
Where we match our own behavior with that of the groups standards
Norm formation
the converging of responses to align with others despite different starting points of the individual participants
Normative function
The role of others in setting norms or standards of conduct - conform due to fear of rejection
Informational function
provides information about reality in an ambiguous situation - conforming due to not knowing how to act
Group Plarization
decision making in a group tends to lead to more extreme views by strengthening the original inclinations of the individual members
Groupthink
A group decision making environment where group cohesiveness becomes so strong that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative opinions
Pluralistic Ignorance
When each individual in a group sees nobody responding in a given situation, they conclude that the situation is not an emergecy
diffusion of responsibility
in deciding whether you act on an emergency we look to see how many others are nearby and what specialized skills they might have. if there are many others around, particularly anyone with special skills you are less likely to act
Social loafing
special case of diffusion of responsibility in which individuals seem to be less motivated when working in a group than when working alone
Cognitive Dissonance
a state of psychological discomfort brought on by conflict between a person’s actions and their beliefs
When to use a one-sided argument
When audience is initially leaning towards your position
When to use a two-sided argument
when audience disagrees with your position
Central Appeal
Well reasoned, factual, two-sided argument - effective on academic audiences
Peripheral Appeal
well presented, easy to understand messages - effective for non-academic audiences
The foot in the door technique
gradual escalation of demands
low-ball technique
compliance is secured at a smaller cost only to later reveal additional costs while making the initial decision seem irreversible
Bystander effect
People are less likely to offer help when others are present
Deindividuation
When people are part of a bigger group they can sometimes lose sight of their individuality