Instrumental Conditioning

Question 1

Instrumental Conditioning

Answer 1

explicit training to learn contingency between voluntary behavior and their consequences

Question 2

Law of effect

Answer 2

Behaviors with positive consequences are stamped in and those with negative consequences are stamped out

Question 3

Reinforcer

Answer 3

Any stimulus that is presented after a response that impacts the frequency that the response is preformed

Question 4

Reward training

Answer 4

the presentation of a positive reinforcer following a response, which acts the increase the frequency of behaviour

Question 5

punishment training

Answer 5

the presentation of negative reinforcement which decreases the frequency of the behavior

Question 6

Omission training

Answer 6

the removal of positive reinforcement and leads to a decrease in behaviour

Question 7

Escape training

Answer 7

the removal of negative reinforcement which leads to an increase in behaviour

Question 8

Autoshaping

Answer 8

Instrumental conditioning used to create simple contingencies where no careful guidance is required

Question 9

Shaping by successive approximation

Answer 9

instrumental conditioning of complex behavior which is broken down and reorganized into smaller approximations that gradually build up the full response

Question 10

Chaining

Answer 10

a technique used to develop a sequence of behaviors - each behavior is reinforced with the opportunity to preform the next behavior in the sequence

Question 11

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 11

(SD or S+) a stimulus that signals when a contingency between a particular behavior and reinforcement is “ON”

Question 12

S-Delta

Answer 12

(S-) a stimulus that indicates when the contingent relationship is not valid

Question 13

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 13

response leads to reinforcement every single trial

Question 14

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 14

schedules in which reinforcement is delivery is determined by either total responses or time

Question 15

Ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 15

based on the number of responses made by a subject

Question 16

Interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 16

based on the time since the last response

Question 17

Fixed schedule

Answer 17

delivers at the exact time or ratio of responses

Question 18

variable schedule

Answer 18

various in time or ratio to average at a certain value

Question 19

Contrast effects

Answer 19

changes in value of a reward lead to shifts in response rate. negative contrast occurs when a response receives a high reward shifted to low reward = reduced responses and positive is opposite

Question 20

Over justification effect

Answer 20

a newly introduced reward for a previously unrewarded task can alter an individuals perception of that task

Question 21

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 21

a reinforcer that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer