Instrumental Conditioning Flashcards
Instrumental Conditioning
explicit training to learn contingency between voluntary behavior and their consequences
Law of effect
Behaviors with positive consequences are stamped in and those with negative consequences are stamped out
Reinforcer
Any stimulus that is presented after a response that impacts the frequency that the response is preformed
Reward training
the presentation of a positive reinforcer following a response, which acts the increase the frequency of behaviour
punishment training
the presentation of negative reinforcement which decreases the frequency of the behavior
Omission training
the removal of positive reinforcement and leads to a decrease in behaviour
Escape training
the removal of negative reinforcement which leads to an increase in behaviour
Autoshaping
Instrumental conditioning used to create simple contingencies where no careful guidance is required
Shaping by successive approximation
instrumental conditioning of complex behavior which is broken down and reorganized into smaller approximations that gradually build up the full response
Chaining
a technique used to develop a sequence of behaviors - each behavior is reinforced with the opportunity to preform the next behavior in the sequence
Discriminative Stimulus
(SD or S+) a stimulus that signals when a contingency between a particular behavior and reinforcement is “ON”
S-Delta
(S-) a stimulus that indicates when the contingent relationship is not valid
Continuous Reinforcement
response leads to reinforcement every single trial
Partial Reinforcement
schedules in which reinforcement is delivery is determined by either total responses or time
Ratio schedule of reinforcement
based on the number of responses made by a subject
Interval schedule of reinforcement
based on the time since the last response
Fixed schedule
delivers at the exact time or ratio of responses
variable schedule
various in time or ratio to average at a certain value
Contrast effects
changes in value of a reward lead to shifts in response rate. negative contrast occurs when a response receives a high reward shifted to low reward = reduced responses and positive is opposite
Over justification effect
a newly introduced reward for a previously unrewarded task can alter an individuals perception of that task
Secondary reinforcer
a reinforcer that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer
