memory Flashcards
research on coding
word recall of similar/dissimilar words
Baddeley
acoustic in STM
semantic in LTM
coding - evaluation - separate stores
identified STM and LTM, supporting MSM
coding - eval - artificial stimuli
word lists had no personal meaning
research on capacity - digit span
Jacobs - 9.3 digits 7.3 letters
research on capacity - span of memory
Miller 7 +- 2 - putting items together extends STM capacity
capacity - eval - a valid study
later studies replicated findings eg Bopp and Verhaeghen so valid test of digit span
Capacity - eval - chunks
Miller overestimated STM, only four chunks - Cowan
research on duration - STM
Peterson and Peterson - about 18 seconds without rehearsal
research on duration - LTM
Bahrick et al
Yearbooks
face recognition 90%, free recall 60% (15 years)
face recognition 70%, free recall 30% (48 years)
duration - eval - meaningless stimuli in STM
petersons used consonant syllables - lacks external validity
duration - eval - high external
Bahrick et al used meaningful materials, better recall than studies with meaningless stimuli
Shepard
Sensory register
modality-specific coding
very brief duration
Sperling’s study, less than 50ms
high capacity
transfer to STM by attention
short-term memory
mainly acoustic coding - limited duration and capacity
transfer to LTM by rehearsal
long-term memory
mainly semantic coding
unlimited duration and capacity
created through maintenance rehearsal
retrieval from LTM via STM
msm - eval - research support
research shows STM and LTm use different coding and have different capacity
msm - eval - research support counterpoint
studies do not use everyday materials
eg consonant syllables
low validity
msm - more than one STM store
studies of amnesia eg KF show different STMs for visual and audacity material
msm - elaborative rehearsal
transfer to LTM more about elaboration (meaningful processing) than maintenance rehearsal (Craik and Watkins)
msm - bygone model
supporting evidence but also eg evidence of more than one type of STM and LTM
episodic memory
memory for events in our lives
time-stamped
semantic memory
memory for knowledge of the world, like an encyclopaedia and dictionary
procedural memory
memory for automatic and often skilled behaviours
unconscious recall
LTM - clinical evidence
Clive Wearing and HM had damaged episodic memories but semantic and procedural memories were relatively fine
LTM - clinical evidence - counterpoint
clinical studies lack control of variables
memory before injury
LTM - conflicting neuroimaging evidence
research links semantic to left prefrontal cortex and episodic to right (Buckner and Peterson) others reverse this (Tulving et al)
LTM - Real-world application
old-age memory loss improved by intervention to target episodic memory (Belleville et al)
LTM - same or different
Tulving now suggests episodic may be specialised subcategory of semantic but Alzheimer’s patients could form episodic not semantic memories (Hodges and Patterson)
Central executive
supervisory, allocates slave subsystems to tasks, very limited capacity
Phonological loop
Auditory information - phonological store and articulatory process - maintenance rehearsal
coding - acoustic
capacity - 2 seconds of speech
visuo-spatial sketchpad
visual information - visual cache and inner scribe
coding - visual
capacity - 3 or 4 objects