attachment

Question 1

interactions

Answer 1

babies have frequent and important interactions with their caregiver

Question 2

reciprocity

Answer 2

turn-taking

mothers respond when baby is alert

from 3 months becomes more intense and reciprocal

Question 3

interactional synchrony

Answer 3

same actions simultaneously

interactions co-ordinated from two weeks
Meltzoff and Moore

Quality of attachment related to synchrony
Isabella et al

Question 4

Filmed observation - interaction

Answer 4

capture fine detail, can establish inter-rater reliability and babies not aware being observed

Question 5

Difficulty observing babies - interactions

Answer 5

hard to know meaning of small movements

Question 6

developmental importance - interaction

Answer 6

observation of behaviour does not tell us about its importance in development

Question 7

developmental importance counterpoint - interaction

Answer 7

Isabella et al suggests interactional synchrony is important for attachment

Question 8

asocial stage

Answer 8

first few weeks, same response to humans and objects

Question 9

indiscriminate attachment

Answer 9

2-7 months, preference for familiar people, no stranger/separation anxiety

Question 10

specific attachment

Answer 10

stranger and separation anxiety in regard to one particular adult = primary attachment figure (65% were mother)

Question 11

multiple attachments

Answer 11

soon after attachment behaviour directed towards more than one (secondary attachments)

Question 12

schaffer and emerson’s research

Answer 12

procedure

mothers of 60 working-class glasgow babies report monthly on separation and stranger anxiety

findings

babies’ attachment behaviour progressed as detailed in Scaffer and Emerson’s stage theory

Question 13

schaffer and emerson good external validity

Answer 13

mothers did the observing so babies not stressed by being observed

Question 14

schaffer and emerson good validity counterpoint

Answer 14

mothers might not have accurately noted behaviour

Question 15

stages poor evidence for the asocial stage

Answer 15

babies have poor co-ordination, so just may seem asocial

Question 16

stages - real world application

Answer 16

no harm in starting at day care during asocial/indiscriminate stages but problematic starting day care in specific stage

Question 17

stages - generalisiability

Answer 17

data fathered only in 1960s working class glasgow

eg multiple attachments may be different in collectivist cultures

Question 18

attachment to fathers

Answer 18

most babies attach to their father

75% by 18 months

but rarely as the first attachment

only 3% first sole attachment

Schaffer and Emerson

Question 19

distinctive role for fathers

Answer 19

fathers may have a distinctive role involving play and stimulation

Grossman et al

Question 20

fathers as primary attachment figures

Answer 20

those fathers who were primary caregivers more responsive than secondary caregiver fathers

field

Question 21

role - confusion over research questions

Answer 21

competing research questions prevent a simple answer about father’s role

Question 22

role - conflicting evidence

Answer 22

studies have different conclusions about a distinctive role for fathers

Question 23

role - conflicting evidence counterpoint

Answer 23

fathers may be predisposed to a role but single mothers and lesbian parents simply take on these roles

Question 24

role - real-world application

Answer 24

families can be advised about the father’s role in attachment

Question 25

role - bias in research

Answer 25

preconceptions lead to observer bias, may affect some studies