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psychology > behaviourist approach 1910s > Flashcards

behaviourist approach 1910s Flashcards

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1
Q

who looked into classical conditioning

A

pavlov

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

paring of NS with UCS so NS becomes CS capable of eliciting a CR
NS + UCS = UCR

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3
Q

who studied operant conditioning

A

skinner

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4
Q

main rules of operant conditioning

A

likelihood of repeating behaviour depends on its consequence
- learning through the result of consequences
positive and negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

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5
Q

assumption 1

A

we are a blank slate at birth, a persons direct experience is what shapes our behaviour

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6
Q

assumption 2

A

basic processes that govern learning are the same in all animals

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7
Q

assumption 3

A

only interested in empirical methods which can be observed and measured

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8
Q

pavlov aim

A

investigate the effect of pairing a bell with food on the volume of saliva produced

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9
Q

pavlov findings

A

the dogs learned to associate the bell (NS) with the food (UCS), overtime the presence of just the bell (CS) produced saliva (CR)

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10
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a pleasant consequence when a certain behaviour is performed

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a behaviour is performed to avoid an unpleasant consequence

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12
Q

skinner aim

A

investigate the effect of food on the time between pushing the leaver

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13
Q

skinner findings

A

the reward of food - positive reinforcement - led to the rats pressing on the lever repeatedly in a shorter period of time

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14
Q

operant conditioning in skinner’s research

A

negative - electrification of the floor was removed when the rats pressed on the lever
punishment - rats electrocuted if pressed wrong lever
positive - rats receive food when lever pressed

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15
Q

ethical issues

A

rats were housed in harsh, cramped conditions and deliberately kept below natural weight so they would always be hungry for the experiment

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16
Q

environmental determinism

A

behaviourist believe behaviour is the sum of our reinforcement history and past conditioning, ignoring free will and conscious decisions

17
Q

research was highly controlled

A

highly controlled lab setting, behaviour cut down into stimulus and response so no extraneous variables

18
Q

principles of classical conditioning

A 
generalisation
discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery
higher order conditioning
19
Q

what is generalisation

A

when stimuli similar to the original CS produce the CR

20
Q

what is discrimination

A

when stimuli similar to the original CS dont produce the CR - this can be achieved by withholding the UCS when the similar stimulus is used

21
Q

what is extinction

A

when the CR isnt produced as a result of the CS - this happens when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS following it

22
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

when a previously extinct CR is produced in response to the CS - this happens when the CS is presented again after a period of time during which its not being used

23
Q

higher order conditioning

A

when a new CS produces the CR because the animal associates it with the original CS - this can be achieved by consistently presenting the new CS before the original CS

24
Q

UCS

A

unconditioned stimulus eg food

25
Q

UCR

A

unconditioned response eg salivation

26
Q

neutral stimulus

A

eg the bell when first presented

27
Q

CS

A

conditioned stimulus the bell after conditioning has occured

28
Q

CR

A

conditioned response - salivation after conditioning has occured

29
Q

little albert - psychologists

A

watson and rayner

30
Q

little albert - method

A

11 month old - little albert
showed no fear of white fluffy objects eg rabbits and rats
researchers tried to create a conditioned response to these objects
white rat in fonrt of albert and loud noise when he tried to reach for it

31
Q

little albert - results

A

when little albert was shown a rat he would start to cry - this also extended to other white fluffy objects such as a white santa claus beard

32
Q

little albert - conclusion

A

a fear response to white fluffy objects had been conditioned in little albert - showing that abnormal behaviour can be learned

33
Q

little albert - evaluation

A

the experiment was very unethical
not everyone develops a phobia after a negative experience - learning theory cannot be applied to all cases
lab study - lacks ecological validity

psychology (45 decks)

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