behaviourist approach 1910s Flashcards

1
Q

who looked into classical conditioning

A

pavlov

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

paring of NS with UCS so NS becomes CS capable of eliciting a CR
NS + UCS = UCR

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3
Q

who studied operant conditioning

A

skinner

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4
Q

main rules of operant conditioning

A

likelihood of repeating behaviour depends on its consequence
- learning through the result of consequences
positive and negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

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5
Q

assumption 1

A

we are a blank slate at birth, a persons direct experience is what shapes our behaviour

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6
Q

assumption 2

A

basic processes that govern learning are the same in all animals

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7
Q

assumption 3

A

only interested in empirical methods which can be observed and measured

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8
Q

pavlov aim

A

investigate the effect of pairing a bell with food on the volume of saliva produced

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9
Q

pavlov findings

A

the dogs learned to associate the bell (NS) with the food (UCS), overtime the presence of just the bell (CS) produced saliva (CR)

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10
Q

positive reinforcement

A

receiving a pleasant consequence when a certain behaviour is performed

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a behaviour is performed to avoid an unpleasant consequence

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12
Q

skinner aim

A

investigate the effect of food on the time between pushing the leaver

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13
Q

skinner findings

A

the reward of food - positive reinforcement - led to the rats pressing on the lever repeatedly in a shorter period of time

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14
Q

operant conditioning in skinner’s research

A

negative - electrification of the floor was removed when the rats pressed on the lever
punishment - rats electrocuted if pressed wrong lever
positive - rats receive food when lever pressed

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15
Q

ethical issues

A

rats were housed in harsh, cramped conditions and deliberately kept below natural weight so they would always be hungry for the experiment

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16
Q

environmental determinism

A

behaviourist believe behaviour is the sum of our reinforcement history and past conditioning, ignoring free will and conscious decisions

17
Q

research was highly controlled

A

highly controlled lab setting, behaviour cut down into stimulus and response so no extraneous variables

18
Q

principles of classical conditioning

A
generalisation
discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery
higher order conditioning
19
Q

what is generalisation

A

when stimuli similar to the original CS produce the CR

20
Q

what is discrimination

A

when stimuli similar to the original CS dont produce the CR - this can be achieved by withholding the UCS when the similar stimulus is used

21
Q

what is extinction

A

when the CR isnt produced as a result of the CS - this happens when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS following it

22
Q

what is spontaneous recovery

A

when a previously extinct CR is produced in response to the CS - this happens when the CS is presented again after a period of time during which its not being used

23
Q

higher order conditioning

A

when a new CS produces the CR because the animal associates it with the original CS - this can be achieved by consistently presenting the new CS before the original CS

24
Q

UCS

A

unconditioned stimulus eg food

25
UCR
unconditioned response eg salivation
26
neutral stimulus
eg the bell when first presented
27
CS
conditioned stimulus the bell after conditioning has occured
28
CR
conditioned response - salivation after conditioning has occured
29
little albert - psychologists
watson and rayner
30
little albert - method
11 month old - little albert showed no fear of white fluffy objects eg rabbits and rats researchers tried to create a conditioned response to these objects white rat in fonrt of albert and loud noise when he tried to reach for it
31
little albert - results
when little albert was shown a rat he would start to cry - this also extended to other white fluffy objects such as a white santa claus beard
32
little albert - conclusion
a fear response to white fluffy objects had been conditioned in little albert - showing that abnormal behaviour can be learned
33
little albert - evaluation
the experiment was very unethical not everyone develops a phobia after a negative experience - learning theory cannot be applied to all cases lab study - lacks ecological validity