Memory Flashcards
What is a stimulus?
Any object or event that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism.
What was the first model of Memory?
The Multi-store Model
What is the Duration for LTM?
Up to a lifetime.
What is the capacity for LTM & STM
LTM: Unlimited.
STM: Less than 7 items unless found a way to chunk items.
Who designed MSM and when was it introduced?
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968.
Define Capacity
TRIGGER WORDS;
1. measure
What is it represented as?
The measure of how much can be held in memory. Usually represented as numbers.
What are the case studies of the MSM?
- SW
- P&P
.3. Bhri
Shallice and Warrington
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
Bahrick (1975)
Define long-term memory (LTM)
Your memory of events that have occured in the past. This lasts anywhere from 2 minutes to 100 years.
Define sensory register
The place where information is held at each of the senses.
What is the coding of the STM?
Refers to the way in which information is changed and stored in memory.
The main type of coding = acoustic other codes do exist too.
(Baddeley study effects of acoustic and semantic encoding.)
What is CODING
the way which the information is stored
Coding Baddeley (1966) - 4 groups learn different word lists
Had 4 groups learn different word lists: A - acoustically similar B - acoustically dissimilar; C - semantically similar and D - sematically dissimilar.
Define short-term memory (STM)
TRIGGER WORDS:
Immediate
Can disappear unless what?
Your memory for immediate events.
STM is measured in seconds and minutes. They disappear unless rehearsed.
What are the 5 components of the sensory register?
- Echoic store (Sound)
- Haptic store (Touch)
- Iconic store (Visual)
- Gustatory store (Taste)
- Olfactory store (Smell)
What is the capacity of the SR?
what is the quaility of info?
Very large - info is unprocessed & highly detailed,
What is the duration of the SR?
TRIGGER WORD:
- Limi
but varies
depending on type of info
Limited but varies not only between stores but within stores depending on the type of info held.
What is the duration of STM?
30s
How could this be extented?
Up to a maximum of 30 seconds - can be extended through rehearsal (Maintenance rehearsal) of information.
How can capcity be assessed?
Using digital span tests.
What is the capacity of STM?
pequeña
aproximatley how many items?
The limited capacity of between 5-9 items.
What is Maintenance rehearsal?
TRIGGER WORDS:
1. repeption
what is the repetition of informaton keeps it in what
What does this not lead to?
The repetition of information keeps it in STM by constantly rehearsing it. This does not lead to the transfer of LTM.
How does the Multi-store model (MSM) work?
TRIGGER WORDS:
- Detection
- enter
- transferred only is?
- Information is detected by the senses and enters the sensory register.
- The information enters the short term memory.
- Information from the short-term memory is transferred to the long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed.
Define Duration
Measure before it is no longer
A measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available.
Who researched STM capacity ?
Jacobs Miller
Who researched the duration of LTM
Bahrick et al (1975)
What were the results of Baddeley (1966) coding experiment
TRIGGER WORDS:
- similar
Does it make it easier or harder to recall?
did the meaning have little or more effect - sem similar
does it make it harder to recall
- STM : words that sound similar are harder to recall but the meaning had little effect
- LTM : semantically similar are harder to recall
SEMANTIC MEMORY
TRIGGER WORDS.
- Knowledge
- broadest
contains our knowledge of the world, including facts but in the broadest possible sense
EPISODIC MEMORY
TRIGGER WORDS:
1. Ability to
are these complex or simple?
and why? what do they require
effort
refers to our ability to recall events, they are quite complex as they are ‘time-stamped’ and require a conscious effort to recall
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
TRIGGER WORDS:
1. Actions
but what does it not require?
Memory of actions of skills but don`t require a conscious effort to perform.
What did Baddeley (1966) investigate?
photo-recognition test
Found that in the photo-recognition test, p’s could remember names of former classmates with 90% accuracy within 15 years of graduation but this figure declined to 70% after 48 years
What is the order of the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
input - sensory register - attention - stm store - rehearsal - ltm store
Who researched the MSM?
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
What are the 4 components to the WMM ?
- central executive
- visuo-spatial sketchpad
- phonological loop
- episodic buffer (added in 2000)
Who designed the WMM ?
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
What is one strength, linked with different areas, about the WMM ?
- different ares of the brain are activated depending on the task
- Posner = PET scans, visual = posterior, auditory = lateral
- support research
What is another strength, linking to support evidence, about the WMM?
support evidence from dual task research
- hitch and Baddeley found performance decreased when participants had to do task that required the same slave systems.
- we can multitask if they require the same slave system e.g. articulatory and phonological
What is a weakness, about the ecological validity, of the WMM?
- lacks ecological validity
- research is lab-based - lacks mundane realism
- difficult to apply to everyday life
What are the 4 parts to the Cognitive Interview
- Report everything (RE)
- Context Reinstatement (CR)
- Recall in reverse order (RO)
- Change perspective (CP)