Attachment Flashcards
Attachment
It is two-way process that endures over time.
TRIGGER WORDS:
- Bond
- Leads to certain
- serves the function
An emotional bond between two people. It leads to a certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant.
Caregiver
Any person who is providing care for a child,
Interactional synchrony
TRIGGER WORDS:
- two
- Mirror
- facial
When two people interact thet tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements.
Reciprocity
- responding action od
- elicit a
Responding to action of another with a similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner.
Multiple attachment
Have one or more attachment figure
Primary attachment figure
(Usually a child’s biological mother)
- closet
- intensity
The person who has formed the closet bond with a child, demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship.
Seperation anxiety
Not neccessarlity the child’s biological father.
TRIGGER WORDS
- distress
The distress shown by an infant when separted from their caregiver.
Stranger anixety
TRIGGER WORDS:
- Distress
- unfamilar
The distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamilar
Imprinting
An innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother who takes place during a specific time in development, probably the first few hours after birth hatching.
Classical conditoning
Learning through association. A neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an uncondtioal stimlus so it eventually takes om the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response
Learning theory
The name given to a group of explanations (classical & operant) which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than any inborn tendencies or higher order thinking.
Operant conditoning
Learning through reinforcement
Social learning theory
Learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded.
Continuity hypothesis
The idea that emotionally secure go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults.
Critical period
A biologically determined period of time, during which certain characterstics can develop. Outside of this time window such development will not be possible.
Internal working model
A mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict and control their enviroment. In the case attachment the model relates to a person’s expecations about relationship.
Monotropy (monotropic)
The idea that the one relationship that the infant has with their primary attachment figure is of special significance in emotional development.
Social releaser
A social behaviour or characteristic that elicits caregibing and leads to attachment.
Insecure-avoidant
A type of attachment which describes those children who tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others
Insecure-resistant
A type of attachment which describes those infants who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction
Secure attachment
This is a strong contented attach of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a rsult of sensetive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs
Strange situation
A controlled observation desinged to test attachment security
Cultural variations
The ways that different groups of people vary in terms of their social practices, and the effects these practices have on development and behaviour.
Deprivation
To be deprived to lose something. Loss of emotional care
Institutionalisation
The effect of instituional care. The term can be applied widley to the ffect of an institution but our concern focuses specifically on how time spent in an insituation such as an orphange can affect the development of a child
Internal working model
A mental model of the world which enables indivduals to predict and control their enviorment. In the case of attachment the model relates to a persons expecations about relationships.
What happened when monkeys were frightened
AO1
When frightened, all monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother, and when playing with new objects the monkeys often kept one foot on the cloth covered mother for reassurance.
Suggests that monkey
Lorenz (1935)
An ethologist studying animal behaviour under relatively natural conditions.
Lorenz (1935) - Animal studies (Procedure)
Took a clutch of gosling eggs and divided them into two groups. One group was left with their natural mother while the other eggs were placed in an incubator. When the incubator eggs hatched the first living thing they saw was Lorenzo and they soon started following him.
Lorenz (1935) - Animal studies (Findings)
The goslings quickly divided themeselves up, one following their natural mother and the other following Lorenzo. Lorenzo’s brood shows no recongition of their natural mother.
Lorenz (1952) - Animal studies (Long-lasting effects)
Noted several features of imprinting, ege that the process is irreversibe and long lasting. He describe how one of these geese who imprinted on him, called martina used to sleep on his bed every night..
Lorenz (1952) - Animal studies (Long-lasting effects) Sexual imprinting
He also noted that this early imprinting had an effect on later mate preferences, calledd sexual imprinting. Animals (Especially birds) will choose to mate with the same kind of object upon whic they were imprinted.
Harlow (1959)
Conducted landmark research on attachment. Named his report ‘The origins of love and sought’ to demonstartate that mother love was not based on the feeding bond between mother and infant as predicted by learning theory.
Harlow (1959) Animal studies (Procedure)
AO1
Harlow creared two wire mothers each with a different ‘head’. One wire mother additonally was wrapped in soft cloth. 8 infant rehsus monkey were studied for a period of 165 days. For 4 monkeys the milk bottle was on the cloth-covered mother and on the plain wire’mother’ for the other 4 monkeys.
Harlow (1959) Animal studies (Findings)
(AO1)
Cloth-covered mother
- All 8 monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth-covered mother whether or not this mother had a feeding bottle.
- Those monkeys who fed from the wire mother ony spent a short amount of time getting milk then returned to the cloth-covered mother.
- When frightened, all monkeys clung to the cloth-covered mother, and when playing with new objects the monkeys often kept one foot on the cloth covered mother for reassurance. Findings suggest that infants fo not develop an attachment to the person who feeds them but to the person offering the comfort.
Harlow (1959) Animal studies (Long-lasting effects)
AO1
Later on the rhesus monkeys noted many consequences of their early attachment experiences and the motherless monkeys were sociallt abnormally even when they had contact comfort.
Harlow (1959) Animal studies (Findings)
(AO1)
Wired mother
Those monkeys who fed from the wire mother ony spent a short amount of time getting milk then returned to the cloth-covered mother.
What do findings of Harlow’s study suggest
Infants do not develop an attachment to the person who feeds them but the person offering contact comfort
Which two of the following are associated with an insecure-resistant attachment type?
Choose two from the options A, B, C, D and E.
A Extreme stranger anxiety
C Low willingness to explore the new environment
Suggest one way in which studies of attachment could be improved using controlled observations [ 3 marks]
- affords the opportunity for control of extraneous variables.
- E.g can control the setting which may change affect the results.
- the studies could easily be replicated so easy test for reliability
- Fairly quick to conduct which means that many observations can take place within a short amount of time.
- large sample = resulting in the findings being representative and having the ability to be generalized to a large population.