Medieval Medical Progress

Question 1

What was an Asclepeion?

Answer 1

Where people went to live a healthy life in Ancient Greece

Question 2

What enabled Islam to have an impact on medicine?

Answer 2

• it was unified so provided the peace and order for medicine to progress
• prophet Muhammad’s teachings supported science and learning about medicine

Question 3

How did Muslims use knowledge of the ancient greeks?

Answer 3

By translating their works into Arabic to spread them across the Islamic world

Question 4

Give 2 examples where Islamic individuals were preserving knowledge from the ancient Greeks

Answer 4

• during the rule of caliph Harun al rashid, Baghdad became the centre of the translation of Greek manuscripts to Islamic ones
• Ibn Sina wrote an encyclopaedia called the cannon of medicine covering all of Ancient Greek and Islamic knowledge

Question 5

Give an example where Islamic individuals added to previous knowledge

Answer 5

The muslim doctor Al razi, distinguished measles from smallpox for the first time, he wrote over 150 books and believed all students should improve upon the work of their teacher despite him following Galen

Question 6

Give 2 ways Galen’s ideas made large impacts on medicine

Answer 6

• his ideas profoundly influenced western medicine for 15 centuries
• his work arrived in Europe and Greek translations were made in Salerno, Italy, and quickly became university medical texts

Question 7

How did Hippocrates impact medicine?

Answer 7

• he believed diet and rest were important for a patients recovery
• wrote 60 books

Question 8

Why is it significant galens work started being spread form Salerno?

Answer 8

As this was a religious stop off point to the ‘holy land’ many people went to

Question 9

Why was galens work so widely accepted for so long?

Answer 9

As Church leaders carefully looked at his work and decided it fitted with Christian ideas

Question 10

Complete the sentence:

Most medieval surgeons were barbers who combined hair cutting…

Answer 10

With small surgical operations such as bloodletting and tooth extraction

Question 11

Complete the sentence:

Compared to physicians, barber surgeons were… who learned their skill by…

Answer 11

Lower class medical tradesmen….being apprentices to another surgeon, watching and copying them, or they learnt in the battle field since wars used to be frequent

Question 12

Complete the sentence:

The most common procedure was bloodletting done to…

Answer 12

Restore balance of humours in the body. It was performed by making a small cut on the inside of the arm where blood was allowed to run out

Question 13

What was amputation known to be successful for?

Answer 13

Treating cases of breast cancer, bladder stones and haemorrhoids

Question 14

Complete the sentence:

In medieval times, It was thought that epilepsy was caused by…

Answer 14

Demons inside the brain so a surgeon might cure the patient by drilling a hole into the skull to let the demon out

Question 15

Complete the sentence:

Most surgery was performed on…

Answer 15

Battlefields

Question 16

How did surgeons try to reduce pain in surgeries, (which were only used as a last resort)

Answer 16

Used natural substances like mandrake root, opium and hemlock as anaesthetic but too strong a dose may kill the patient

Question 17

What was cauterisation?

Answer 17

A method of burning the wound to stop blood flow. This was done with a heated iron and was very painful

Question 18

What tools did a surgeon use?

Answer 18

Saws for amputation, arrow pullers, cautery irons and bloodletting knives

Question 19

What problems did barber surgeons have and what methods were used to reduce them?

Answer 19

Pain, infection and bleeding
The Natural anaesthetics were used in surgeries (pain)
Cauterisation was used on open wounds (bleeding)

Question 20

Who was John Arderne?

Give a score and describe his influence, techniques and pain/infection/bleeding

Answer 20

He was an English surgeon
▪️Influence: 7/10, formed a work association of the guild of surgeons and made a manual, Practica in 1376
▪️technique: 7/10, illustrated operations in his book
▪️pain infection bleeding: 8/10 used opium and henbane to dull pain

Question 21

Who was abulcasis?

Give a score and describe his influence, techniques and pain/infection/bleeding

Answer 21

He was a Muslim surgeon
▪️Influence: 7/10, wrote a 30 volume medical book, invented 26 new instruments
▪️techniques : 7/10, he came up with ligatures and described how to do them
▪️pain infection bleeding: 5/10 he made cauterisation popular which led to pain and infection

Question 22

Who was Guy de Chauliac?

Give a score and describe his influence, techniques and pain/infection/bleeding

Answer 22

A French surgeon
▪️Influence: 9/10 his text book, Great surgery written in 1363 dominated surgery in France and England for 200 years
▪️techniques: 4/10 mostly used Galen’s techniques and quoted him 8890 times in his book
▪️pain infection bleeding: 2/10 didn’t focus on preventing them

Question 23

Who were Hugh Luca and his son Theodoric?

Give a score and describe his influence, techniques and pain/infection/bleeding

Answer 23

Famous surgeons who worked at Bologna university, Italy
▪️influences: 2/10 as their views disagreed with Hippocrates and so were unpopular
▪️techniques: 8/10, used wine in wounds to reduce infection and had new methods of removing arrows
▪️pain, infection, bleeding: 8/10, used methods that actually worked to reduce infection

Question 24

Who was Roger Frugardi?

Give a score and describe his influence, techniques and pain/infection/bleeding

Answer 24

An Italian surgeon
▪️influence: 9/10, wrote a text called practice of surgery in 1180 and was widely used in Europe
▪️techniques: 7/10 tried ambitious operations to the chest and attempted to remove bladder stones
▪️pain infection bleeding: 6/10 warned trepanning was dangerous and caused pain but still did ambitious operations

Question 25

Who was mondino de Luzzie?

Give a score and describe his influence, techniques and pain/infection/bleeding

Answer 25

Famous professor in Bologna who supervised the first public dissection in 1315
▪️influence: 9/10, wrote a book Anathomia, in 1316 and was used as a manual for over 200 years
▪️techniques: 5/10 supervised the first public dissections but still no-one questioned Galen
▪️pain infection bleeding: 2/10, didn’t really make an impact

Question 26

Give 3 ways progress was being made in medieval medicine

Answer 26

• use of herbal anaesthetics
• wine was used as a disinfectant
• dissections were happening

Question 27

Give 3 ways progress wasn’t being made in medieval medicine

Answer 27

• ancient ideas were still heavily influential
• blood letting was still used
• some things they were doing may have made it more likely to cause infection - cauterising wounds

Question 28

When did John arderne become famous?

Answer 28

When he had a 50% success rate in removing growths from a patients anus

Question 29

How was Jhon arderne encouraging medical progress?

Answer 29

He urged doctors to trust their own judgement and experience instead of relying in the old texts of Galen and Hippocrates