Improvments In Public Health

Question 1

What was the average age of death for the working class?

Answer 1

30

Question 2

Give 4 pieces of knowledge that describe houses in the early 1800s

Answer 2

• many houses in the city centres weren’t well built as there were no regulations so were very small
• many builders built back to back houses around a small courtyard which could be accessed from the street by a small alleyway as builders wanted to make a quick profit
• many people moved to towns to work in factories so houses near the factories were mainly for poor workers and were crowded together around narrow streets and smoky factories
• houses in Leeds had little windows as they were back to back and most had two rooms. Those who couldn’t afford homes lived in the cellars which were dark, damp and crowded

Question 3

Give knowledge about waste in towns in the early 1800s and include linkage if any

Answer 3

• most streets in Leeds didn’t have drains to take waste so there were usually pools of stinking water and rubbish in yards that became unbearable especially after the rain
• privies had cess pits under but weren’t connected to sewers so they were not always cleaned out by soil meant who sold the waste to farmed and often overflowed which even went near cracked pipes of communal water pump (links to water conditions)
• due to lack of sewage systems, waste would flow through the middle of streets and yards in narrow gutters
• the poorer had to use communal toilets which were a wooden shell with a hole connected to a cess pit

Question 4

Give knowledge about water supplies in 1800s towns

Answer 4

• In the 19th century councils didn’t have to provide basic servicing to water pipes so very few had clean water piped to their houses so people had to queue at a communal water pump
• people in 1800s didn’t know dangers of dirty water so if they couldn’t afford to buy it clean from town water sellers, they had to drink unclean water from the pump, rain or river
• water collection was a daily chore for many women so families took a bath once a week and shared the bath water

Question 5

Give knowledge about disease in towns in the 1800s

Answer 5

• the first cholera epidemic hit Leeds in 1832 killing 700 people
• many died of TB, typhoid, Typhus, Scarlet fever, measles as well as cholera in the 1830s and 1840s
• many diseases due to overcrowded city centres (links to housing)
• in early 1800s germs still weren’t proven but when a connection between dirty water and cholera was discovered, governments were slow to act upon it by fixing overflowing privies and drains (links to waste and water supply)

Question 6

How bad did cholera get in the early 1800s?

Answer 6

By 1831, 50,000 had died so much so that cemeteries had closed because they were too full

Question 7

When were all the major cholera outbreaks in the 1800s?

Answer 7

1831, 1837, 1838, 1848, and 1854

Question 8

What did jhon snow discover?

Answer 8

That cholera wasn’t caused by miasma and that cholera was linked to water

Question 9

What was the role of Edwin Chadwick in encouraging public health reform?

Answer 9

• in 1840 he did a national investigation sending doctors to major towns and cities
• in 1852 he published his report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population

Question 10

What changes did Edwin Chadwick want to introduce and why?

Answer 10

Cleaner towns as less people would get ill so rate payers would have to pay less money on people taking time off work and so inspiring the sanitary reform movement

Question 11

What did the sanitary reform movement do to encourage public health reform?

Answer 11

• made the health of towns association set up in 1844 to campaign healthier living conditions
• the local branches of the association produces evidence of a lack of facilities and inadequate supplies of fresh water

Question 12

What did John snow do and include a date?

Answer 12

In 1854, he proved cholera’s link to water using meticulous research, observation and house to house interviews

Question 13

What was jhon snow‘s experiment that helped him make his discovery?

Answer 13

• noticed 200 people who worked in a factory got water from the broad street pump and 18 of them died of cholera
• a widow who lived in the suburbs also died of cholera and she also got water from that same pump as she thought it tasted nice
• he looked at a workhouse where 545 lived but only 5 died of cholera and weren’t getting water from the broad street pump
• this gave snow the ability to isolate the pump causing cholera and prove the disease had a connection to dirty water

Question 14

What was the government’s response to Chadwick’s ideas?

Answer 14

The ‘dirty party’ group of mps opposed Chadwick and believed in a lassaiz faire society arguing it wasn’t the governments responsibility to look after public health until another cholera outbreak killed 1400 people causing the government to release the public health act in 1848

Question 15

Give some impacts of the public health act that made a step forward to improving public health

Answer 15

• it set up a central board of health in London to sit for 5 years
• under the act local health boards were set up in 182 towns
• the health boards has the power to improve water supply and sewage disposals taking over from private companies and individuals

Question 16

Give some impacts of the public health act that caused a step backwards to improving public health

Answer 16

• the act wasn’t fully compulsory so didn’t apply to the whole country and brought limited improvements
• in 1854 those who opposed to the central board of health in London were able to bring it to an end
• limited number of towns with a local health board meant sewage disposal and water supplies were improved in some places only

Question 17

What was the Great Stink

Answer 17

The term that refers to the summer of 1858 was unusually hot and public hygiene was very poor

Question 18

Give 3 reasons for the Great Stink

Answer 18

• London 1858 was dirty, overcrowded and unsanitary. The Thames was overflowing with sewage and the warm weather encouraged bacteria to thrive
• raw sewage could sometimes be seen trickling out of pumps that pulled water out of underground streams
• the Thames was a dump for human sewage, household rubbish, horse dung, slaughterhouse waste and chemicals from factories and people also used it to wash their clothes

Question 19

State the responses to the Great Stink in consecutive order

Answer 19

1. Plans were made to evacuate law courts to either oxford or at Albans
2. MPs turned to engineer Joseph Bazalgette after the smell of the Thames combined with dr snow’s evidence about cholera caused alarm
3. 3 years earlier, Bazalgette was asked to plan sewers to intercept all waste from nearly 1mill London houses
4. In 1958 Bazalgette was given £3 mill to build his sewers which involved 83miles of brick lined sewers using 318 mill bricks
5. Sewers were linked to 4 massive pumping stations and released 420 gallons of sewage into the Thames per day at high tide where it flowed into the sea via the river
6. Bazalgette designed the Thames embankment to house large sewers running parallel to each side of the Thames carrying contents to the pumping stations
7. The sewers were finished in 1866 and when fully operational, cholera never returned to London

Question 20

What is caused by a current flowing through a wire?

Answer 20

A magnetic field

Question 21

What does the direction of a magnetic field on a wire carrying a current depend in and what happens of this changes direction?

Answer 21

Depends on the direction of current, if this changes direction, so does the direction of the magnetic field

Question 22

What does the strength of magnetic field around an electrical wire depend on?

Answer 22

The size of the current so the higher the current the stronger the field

Question 23

Where is magnetic field around a wire strongest?

Answer 23

Closer to the wire is where it’s stronger

Question 24

What is a solanoid?

Answer 24

A coil of wire with a magnetic field around it