A Revolution In Surgery and Germ Theory Flashcards
What did factories mean for disease, what impact did the industrial revolution have on medicine?
They meant disease was common due to poor sanitation as factories caused towns to grow and increase slum housing. Overall, the industrial revolution allowed medicine to progress at a fast pace on from the mid 19th century
Give some continuity between the industrial revolution and before the 1859s
-wars acted as a forcing agent for change for example in ww2 the use of metal plates to heal fractures were developed and paré c
Used ligatures in battlefields in the 1500s
-public health measures - in both great plague and later on when public health act was released in 1875
-gifted individuals e.g. William Harvey who discovered blood circulation and 1928 Alexander Fleming who came up with penicillin
Give some developments made to medicine after the industrial revolution
- more accurate microscopes became available as they helped discover germ theory and bacteriology
- scientific methods were used and applied to medical research allowing research teams to set up and new drugs to develop while in the 11th century, everyone used to just follow galens works
- there were better communications like railways, electric telegraph and cars which allowed ideas and knowledge to spread further and quicker
What were the roles of individuals for nitrous oxide?
- In 1775 Thomas bedoes physician and assistant Humphrey Davy experimented with inhaling nitrous oxide
- in 1800 Davy published an account saying the gas made him laugh and it made him feel relaxed
What was the extent of success for nitrous oxide?
It was considered more of a fairground novelty that a serious anaesthetic so it didn’t really help advance medicine
What three anaesthetics were being used to revolutionise surgery?
Nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform
What were the roles of individuals for ether?
- In 1846 Boston hospital, William Morton demonstrated ether and so surgeon Robert Liston used it to amputate a leg
- in 1842 as a dentist
- used by Crawford long to remove a neck growth from a patient
What was the extent of success for ether?
It was used in a range of surgeries and became successful in tooth extraction
What were individuals roles in use of chloroform?
-in 1847, Scottish doctor James Simpson discovered it by experimenting on himself and his friends with different substances when someone knocked chloroform and his wife found them all sleeping
What was chloroform’s extent of success in medicine? Give an example
It was very successful as:
-chloroform introduces dizziness and unconsciousness so Simpson used it to reduce pain in childbirth
For example, he gave it to queen Victoria in 1853 when giving birth to prince leopold
Give 3 oppositions to chloroform
- People said chloroform was from the devil as it’s effects were going against god’s will
- Dr green said it caused people to have erotic dreams
- some said it was unknown what it could do to the body and what it’s long term effects could be because of doctor’s uncertainty
How were oppositions to chloroform combated?
- it was successfully used on queen Victoria delivering prince Leopold
- James Simpson produced many writings on it to reassure people
Give a positive way anaesthetics were significant to medicine
They allowed procedures to take longer so more complicated surgery could take place
Give 3 negative impacts anaesthetics had to medicine
- Chloroform was new and untested so no-one knew the long term side effects
- longer surgeries increased the risk of infection
- there was difficulty in deciding the dose of anaesthetic
What did scientists think caused infection and explain each one
- spontaneous generation: the idea microbes appeared as if by magic when something rotted so believed disease caused microbes not vice versa
- specificity: the idea not all microbes were the same, certain ones caused certain diseases
- miasma: the idea that there was ‘bad air’ that spread diseases
What did Louis Pasteur create?
The concept of germ theory
What did Louis Pasteur discover? What was it’s significance?
Discovered that when milk and beer went off, they were in open air and so theorised they were being contaminated by something in the air
Significant as:
-this caused surgery to be then done under sterile conditions
-further research made him realise different microbes caused differ t diseases
-this allowed vaccinations for certain diseases to develop as they dealt with specific bacteria