Medieval Europe Review Flashcards
What is the name of the time period when there was a lack of written records, schools, or centralized government?
Dark Ages
Who was the 1st Christian Missionary to the Irish?
Patrick
Who was the founder of Irish monasteries, that sent missionaries to Scotland?
Columba
What was the “universal” church-originally meaning all true believers everywhere who are united by faith in Christ?
Catholic
What is the belief that Christ made Peter the leader of the church and gave him supreme authority, “God’s voice on earth” and that each successive leader (pope) inherits that same authority?
Petrine Theory
What is the belief that living apart from the world and denying oneself of worldly goods brings honor to God?
Monasticism
What is the term for a regular church member?
laity
What is a religious act that grants grace based on the recipient’s right intentions?
Sacraments
Who is the person who translated the Bible in to Latin?
Jerome
What did the Roman church taught this was a place of torment for saved people to be purged of sins before entering heaven?
Purgatory
Who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours?
Charles Martel
What is the territory in Italy the Pope had direct political control over?
Papal States
Who was the “exception” to the Dark Ages who created an empire centered around France?
Charlemagne
Who were the northern invaders of Europe during the 800’s/900’s?
Vikings
What is the way of life in the Middle Ages where everything was based on the ownership and use of land?
Feudalism
Who is a lesser noble who owed allegiance to a lord?
Vassal
Who was the peasant farmer who worked the land for the lord, could not be removed from some, but also couldn’t leave the manor?
Villein/serf
Who were the officials and skilled men who paid taxes, but could come and go from the manor freely?
Freemen
What is the knight code of conduct emphasizing loyalty, protection for noblewomen, and respect for the church, along with “fairness” in fighting?
Chivalry
What is the legendary English example of this ideal of Chivalry?
Legends of King Arthur
How did knights keep fit when there weren’t wars?
Tournaments/Jousts
What weapon eventually “ended” Castles and Feudalism as a practical way of life?
Gunpowder
What word means buying and selling of church offices?
simony
What word means a secular ruler giving a church official religious authority?
Lay Investiture
What is the body of the church leaders created to choose each new Pope?
College of Cardinals
Who was the strongest Pope in history, said the Pope’s authority was like the sun and kings were like moons, deriving their power from the Pope?
Pope Innocent the 3rd
What word means to cut someone off from the sacraments and church?
Excommunication
What word means to suspend public church services/sacraments in a region?
Interdict
What word means a church court designed to stamp out heresy, but lacked due process and used fear/torture?
Inquisition
Who started a new religious order to serve the poor/sick?
Francis of Assisi
Who founded the Holy Roman Empire as a combination of German and Italian States?
Otto the 1st
Who united England to fight the Vikings, including the first Navy, a truly great leader in many ways?
Alfred the Great
Who was the victor of the Battle of Hastings and the last foreigner to successfully invade England?
William the Conquerer
Who established the judicial reform including due process, jury, trials, and common law in England?
Henry the 2nd
Who was the English king famous for being in the King’s Crusade?
Richard the Lionhearted
Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?
John
Who began the first parliament in England?
Edward the 1st
Who was the French king who went on the King’s Crusade, but returned home to defeat English King John over territory owned by the English?
Philip the 2nd
Who established the Estates-General in France?
Philip the 4th
Who began the 1st crusade?
Pope Urban the 2nd
Describe the Dark Ages
No schools, universities, lack of written records, lack of organizes nation-states, church-only place of learning, stability
What word means exchanging goods for goods?
Barter
What word means a price based on cost of materials, fair return for labor, and a reasonable price?
Just price
What word means charging interest for loans?
usury
What word means a document granted by a Feudal Lord that outlined the rights and freedoms of the townspeople?
Charter
What is the word for the middle class in England?
Burgesses
What is the word for the middle class in France?
Bourgeois
What is the word for the middle class in Germany?
Burgers
What word means to attempt to reconcile Greek Philosophy and the Bible organizing scriptural truth into systematic doctrines?
Scholasticism
What word means the commonly spoken language in society?
Vernacular
What word means a long narrative poem celebrating the adventures of legendary heroes?
Epic Poems
What is the difference between Romanesque vs. Gothic architecture?
Romanesque-modified Roman basilica, thick walls, rounded arches, heavy columns, small doors, laid out in the shape of a cross, dark/gloomy interiors
Gothic-external buttresses, high ceilings, large windows and doors, light and delicate, stained glass windows, spacious loft
Who said “I believe so that I may Understand”?
St. Anselm
Who wrote Understanding Truth Requires Reason and Faith, Summa Theologica-crowned book?
Thomas Aquinas
Who advocated observation and experiments rather than accepting mysticism, superstition and unreliable authority?
Roger Bacon
Who wrote Divine Comedy in Italian?
Dante
Who wrote Canterbury Tales in English?
Chaucer
Who was the famous fictional hero during the Reconquista?
El Cid
Who revived the French in the Hundred Years War?
Joan of Arc
What are sacraments?
Religious acts that grant grace based on the recipient’s right intentions
What are the 7 Sacraments?
- Baptism
- Confirmation
- Penance
- Holy Eucharist
- Holy Matrimony
- Holy Orders
- Last Rites
How was Charlemagne the exception to the Dark Ages? What are his contributions?
Charlemagne built an empire centered around France, including parts of Germany. He has well-organized government, helped the Roman church gain power, improved education
Define Feudalism and describe the life of nobility, knights, and serfs.
Feudalism-way of life in the Middle Ages where everything was based on the ownership and use of land. I’ll protect you if you swear loyalty to me. I’ll be loyal to you and work for you, if you protect me. Lord owns the land, fief-land given by King or lord. Vassal-lesser noble owed allegiance to the Lord, Knight-gave protection in return for a home, vellein/serf peasant and farmer who gave food to Lord and could not leave, Freeman-officials and skilled men who paid taxes but could come and go as he pleases
How did the church grow in political power?
The church grew in political power because they were able to excommunicate people from the church, suspend people of public church services and sacraments-interdict, the Inquisition was the church court designed to stamp out heresy using tear and torture, the college of Cardinals was created to choose the new popes to keep secular rulers from influencing the decision
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
Charlemagne’s empire divided, dukes united to fight Barbarians, Otto the 1st crowned the Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Italy, Church, state, lasted until the late 1800’s
How is a limited monarchy different then a absolute monarchy? Which countries are the best examples of each?
limited-government ruled by a monarch whose power is limited by a constitution and a representative legislature (Parliament) Exp. England
Absolute-government ruled by a monarch with complete power Exp. France
Describe the Crusades.
The Call-a plea from the Byzantine emperor to help against the Muslim Turks, Turks stopped pilgrims from visiting the Holy Land
The Motives-a sincere desire to rescue the Holy Land, adventure, fame, $, business, a substitute for penance
1st Crusade-1095 called by Pope Urban the only successful Crusade and it was temporary
2nd Crusade-Saladin-Muslim Victor
3rd Crusade-“The King’s Crusade”, Philip 2nd of France returned home to fight England for land, Richard of England kidnapped, 3-year truce
4th Crusade-diverted crusade, Venice contracted to transport the Crusaders to the Holy Land, Venetians diverse the Crusaders to Constantinople
Consequences-weakened feudalism in Europe, expanded business activity, opened new horizons to people, early crusades strengthened the church, the later crusaded weakened its power
How did the Crusades change Europe?
Expanded business and trade, weakened the feudal structure of Europe, more food production
Who developed a trading monopoly during the Later Middle Ages?
Moneychangers
Why were banks created?
to decide the value of money, exchange money, and store money
What did the church teach about business and money? What did they practice?
Church taught laity and that a person should ask for a just price, taught against usury
Taught dignity of labor, stewardship, generosity
What did guilds do?What were the 3 stages to becoming a craftsman?
Guild-trade organization to regulate the business activity of a town
3 stages-apprentice, journeyman, master
How did the growth of the middle class affect society?
It weakened nobility’s social position, challenged nobility’s political position
Why did learning revive in medieval Europe? What were the centers of learning in the late Middle Ages?
Revived because of the better economic and political conditions, contact with the Byzantine and Arab/Muslim, more towns, Universities became centers of learning
What was the purpose of art in the Middle Ages?
Religious
Define Nation, Explain the Rise of Kings
Nation-a group of people with common traditions, language and religions, that consider themselves a unit.
Reconquista-Catholic Warriors reclaimed land from Moors. Ferdinand married Isabella and talked the others into fighting one another and then conquered the other opponents creating the Spanish nation. They also worked with the Roman Church
What caused the 100 Years War?Who fought in the war? Who won the war?
Cause-french king died with no heir, English and France fight over who will be the next ruler, french won thanks to Joan of Arc
Why did the church decline in power? What was the Papal Schism?
- Pope defied by French King
- Babylonian Captivity
Papal Schism- england, Germany, Italy resented the french pope, french pope v. romans pope, each excommunicated the other for 40 years, ended when the Council of Constance selected a new pope
What happened in the 500s?
Dark Ages
What happened in the 800s?
Charlemagne
What happened in the 900s?
Vikings
What happened in the 1000s?
Otto the Great
What happened in 1066?
Battle of Hastings
What happened in 1095?
1st Crusade
What happened in 1215?
John forced to sign the Magna Carta
What happened in the 1300s-1500s?
Renaissance
What happened in 1337-1453?
Hundred Years War
What happened 1492?
Ferdinand and Isabella kicked out Muslims
What happened in 1500?
Transition into the modern era
