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Medieval Europe Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the time period when there was a lack of written records, schools, or centralized government?

A

Dark Ages

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2
Q

Who was the 1st Christian Missionary to the Irish?

A

Patrick

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3
Q

Who was the founder of Irish monasteries, that sent missionaries to Scotland?

A

Columba

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4
Q

What was the “universal” church-originally meaning all true believers everywhere who are united by faith in Christ?

A

Catholic

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5
Q

What is the belief that Christ made Peter the leader of the church and gave him supreme authority, “God’s voice on earth” and that each successive leader (pope) inherits that same authority?

A

Petrine Theory

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6
Q

What is the belief that living apart from the world and denying oneself of worldly goods brings honor to God?

A

Monasticism

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7
Q

What is the term for a regular church member?

A

laity

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8
Q

What is a religious act that grants grace based on the recipient’s right intentions?

A

Sacraments

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9
Q

Who is the person who translated the Bible in to Latin?

A

Jerome

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10
Q

What did the Roman church taught this was a place of torment for saved people to be purged of sins before entering heaven?

A

Purgatory

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11
Q

Who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours?

A

Charles Martel

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12
Q

What is the territory in Italy the Pope had direct political control over?

A

Papal States

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13
Q

Who was the “exception” to the Dark Ages who created an empire centered around France?

A

Charlemagne

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14
Q

Who were the northern invaders of Europe during the 800’s/900’s?

A

Vikings

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15
Q

What is the way of life in the Middle Ages where everything was based on the ownership and use of land?

A

Feudalism

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16
Q

Who is a lesser noble who owed allegiance to a lord?

A

Vassal

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17
Q

Who was the peasant farmer who worked the land for the lord, could not be removed from some, but also couldn’t leave the manor?

A

Villein/serf

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18
Q

Who were the officials and skilled men who paid taxes, but could come and go from the manor freely?

A

Freemen

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19
Q

What is the knight code of conduct emphasizing loyalty, protection for noblewomen, and respect for the church, along with “fairness” in fighting?

A

Chivalry

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20
Q

What is the legendary English example of this ideal of Chivalry?

A

Legends of King Arthur

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21
Q

How did knights keep fit when there weren’t wars?

A

Tournaments/Jousts

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22
Q

What weapon eventually “ended” Castles and Feudalism as a practical way of life?

A

Gunpowder

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23
Q

What word means buying and selling of church offices?

A

simony

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24
Q

What word means a secular ruler giving a church official religious authority?

A

Lay Investiture

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25
What is the body of the church leaders created to choose each new Pope?
College of Cardinals
26
Who was the strongest Pope in history, said the Pope's authority was like the sun and kings were like moons, deriving their power from the Pope?
Pope Innocent the 3rd
27
What word means to cut someone off from the sacraments and church?
Excommunication
28
What word means to suspend public church services/sacraments in a region?
Interdict
29
What word means a church court designed to stamp out heresy, but lacked due process and used fear/torture?
Inquisition
30
Who started a new religious order to serve the poor/sick?
Francis of Assisi
31
Who founded the Holy Roman Empire as a combination of German and Italian States?
Otto the 1st
32
Who united England to fight the Vikings, including the first Navy, a truly great leader in many ways?
Alfred the Great
33
Who was the victor of the Battle of Hastings and the last foreigner to successfully invade England?
William the Conquerer
34
Who established the judicial reform including due process, jury, trials, and common law in England?
Henry the 2nd
35
Who was the English king famous for being in the King's Crusade?
Richard the Lionhearted
36
Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?
John
37
Who began the first parliament in England?
Edward the 1st
38
Who was the French king who went on the King's Crusade, but returned home to defeat English King John over territory owned by the English?
Philip the 2nd
39
Who established the Estates-General in France?
Philip the 4th
40
Who began the 1st crusade?
Pope Urban the 2nd
41
Describe the Dark Ages
No schools, universities, lack of written records, lack of organizes nation-states, church-only place of learning, stability
42
What word means exchanging goods for goods?
Barter
43
What word means a price based on cost of materials, fair return for labor, and a reasonable price?
Just price
44
What word means charging interest for loans?
usury
45
What word means a document granted by a Feudal Lord that outlined the rights and freedoms of the townspeople?
Charter
46
What is the word for the middle class in England?
Burgesses
47
What is the word for the middle class in France?
Bourgeois
48
What is the word for the middle class in Germany?
Burgers
49
What word means to attempt to reconcile Greek Philosophy and the Bible organizing scriptural truth into systematic doctrines?
Scholasticism
50
What word means the commonly spoken language in society?
Vernacular
51
What word means a long narrative poem celebrating the adventures of legendary heroes?
Epic Poems
52
What is the difference between Romanesque vs. Gothic architecture?
Romanesque-modified Roman basilica, thick walls, rounded arches, heavy columns, small doors, laid out in the shape of a cross, dark/gloomy interiors Gothic-external buttresses, high ceilings, large windows and doors, light and delicate, stained glass windows, spacious loft
53
Who said "I believe so that I may Understand"?
St. Anselm
54
Who wrote Understanding Truth Requires Reason and Faith, Summa Theologica-crowned book?
Thomas Aquinas
55
Who advocated observation and experiments rather than accepting mysticism, superstition and unreliable authority?
Roger Bacon
56
Who wrote Divine Comedy in Italian?
Dante
57
Who wrote Canterbury Tales in English?
Chaucer
58
Who was the famous fictional hero during the Reconquista?
El Cid
59
Who revived the French in the Hundred Years War?
Joan of Arc
60
What are sacraments?
Religious acts that grant grace based on the recipient's right intentions
61
What are the 7 Sacraments?
1. Baptism 2. Confirmation 3. Penance 4. Holy Eucharist 5. Holy Matrimony 6. Holy Orders 7. Last Rites
62
How was Charlemagne the exception to the Dark Ages? What are his contributions?
Charlemagne built an empire centered around France, including parts of Germany. He has well-organized government, helped the Roman church gain power, improved education
63
Define Feudalism and describe the life of nobility, knights, and serfs.
Feudalism-way of life in the Middle Ages where everything was based on the ownership and use of land. I'll protect you if you swear loyalty to me. I'll be loyal to you and work for you, if you protect me. Lord owns the land, fief-land given by King or lord. Vassal-lesser noble owed allegiance to the Lord, Knight-gave protection in return for a home, vellein/serf peasant and farmer who gave food to Lord and could not leave, Freeman-officials and skilled men who paid taxes but could come and go as he pleases
64
How did the church grow in political power?
The church grew in political power because they were able to excommunicate people from the church, suspend people of public church services and sacraments-interdict, the Inquisition was the church court designed to stamp out heresy using tear and torture, the college of Cardinals was created to choose the new popes to keep secular rulers from influencing the decision
65
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
Charlemagne's empire divided, dukes united to fight Barbarians, Otto the 1st crowned the Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Italy, Church, state, lasted until the late 1800's
66
How is a limited monarchy different then a absolute monarchy? Which countries are the best examples of each?
limited-government ruled by a monarch whose power is limited by a constitution and a representative legislature (Parliament) Exp. England Absolute-government ruled by a monarch with complete power Exp. France
67
Describe the Crusades.
The Call-a plea from the Byzantine emperor to help against the Muslim Turks, Turks stopped pilgrims from visiting the Holy Land The Motives-a sincere desire to rescue the Holy Land, adventure, fame, $, business, a substitute for penance 1st Crusade-1095 called by Pope Urban the only successful Crusade and it was temporary 2nd Crusade-Saladin-Muslim Victor 3rd Crusade-"The King's Crusade", Philip 2nd of France returned home to fight England for land, Richard of England kidnapped, 3-year truce 4th Crusade-diverted crusade, Venice contracted to transport the Crusaders to the Holy Land, Venetians diverse the Crusaders to Constantinople Consequences-weakened feudalism in Europe, expanded business activity, opened new horizons to people, early crusades strengthened the church, the later crusaded weakened its power
68
How did the Crusades change Europe?
Expanded business and trade, weakened the feudal structure of Europe, more food production
69
Who developed a trading monopoly during the Later Middle Ages?
Moneychangers
70
Why were banks created?
to decide the value of money, exchange money, and store money
71
What did the church teach about business and money? What did they practice?
Church taught laity and that a person should ask for a just price, taught against usury Taught dignity of labor, stewardship, generosity
72
What did guilds do?What were the 3 stages to becoming a craftsman?
Guild-trade organization to regulate the business activity of a town 3 stages-apprentice, journeyman, master
73
How did the growth of the middle class affect society?
It weakened nobility's social position, challenged nobility's political position
74
Why did learning revive in medieval Europe? What were the centers of learning in the late Middle Ages?
Revived because of the better economic and political conditions, contact with the Byzantine and Arab/Muslim, more towns, Universities became centers of learning
75
What was the purpose of art in the Middle Ages?
Religious
76
Define Nation, Explain the Rise of Kings
Nation-a group of people with common traditions, language and religions, that consider themselves a unit. Reconquista-Catholic Warriors reclaimed land from Moors. Ferdinand married Isabella and talked the others into fighting one another and then conquered the other opponents creating the Spanish nation. They also worked with the Roman Church
77
What caused the 100 Years War?Who fought in the war? Who won the war?
Cause-french king died with no heir, English and France fight over who will be the next ruler, french won thanks to Joan of Arc
78
Why did the church decline in power? What was the Papal Schism?
1. Pope defied by French King 2. Babylonian Captivity Papal Schism- england, Germany, Italy resented the french pope, french pope v. romans pope, each excommunicated the other for 40 years, ended when the Council of Constance selected a new pope
79
What happened in the 500s?
Dark Ages
80
What happened in the 800s?
Charlemagne
81
What happened in the 900s?
Vikings
82
What happened in the 1000s?
Otto the Great
83
What happened in 1066?
Battle of Hastings
84
What happened in 1095?
1st Crusade
85
What happened in 1215?
John forced to sign the Magna Carta
86
What happened in the 1300s-1500s?
Renaissance
87
What happened in 1337-1453?
Hundred Years War
88
What happened 1492?
Ferdinand and Isabella kicked out Muslims
89
What happened in 1500?
Transition into the modern era

World History Flashcards (14 decks)

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