Medicine key individuals Flashcards
Hippocrates time period
460 BC
Hippocrates country
Greece
Hippocrates job
.Initially worked as a doctor then trained future doctors
Hippocrates big or small impact? Example
.Had a massive impact on medicine, even today newly qualified doctors take a form of the Hippocratic Oath
What is the Hippocratic oath?
Hippocratic oath – doctors should work for the benefit of patients and must adhere to high standards
What did Hippocrates do when it came to treating a new patient?
Recorded observations, the symptoms and development of an illness
What did Hippocrates point out?
Pointed out that systematic approaches to illness meant they were more likely to find the correct cure
What did Hippocrates stress? Example
Stressed that medical records should be kept for future reference, for example the Hippocratic collection
What is the Hippocratic collection?
Hippocratic collection – compilation of 70 books that contained detailed lists of symptoms and their treatments, so influential it was in use for hundreds of years
What did Hippocrates encourage the use of?
Natural treatments and natural explanations
What was Hippocrates mean beliefe?
4 Humours
What were the 4 humours?
phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile
How are the 4 humours linked to making someone ill?
If these 4 humour are imbalanced you will become ill
Why did some Greeks at the time reject Hippocrates’ work?
Many Greeks rejected his work at the time, instead choosing to believe in Asclepius, the Greek God of medicine
Who was Galen?
Roman Doctor who travelled from Italy to Greece
What did Galen emphasise?
Emphasised the importance of Hippocratic methods, especially the role of observation
What did Galen use the theory of the four humours to do?
Develop the theory of opposites
What was the theory of opposites? Example
.Theory of opposites – treat an excess of one humour with its exact opposite
.For example, if you had an excess of phlegm (cold and moist) you’d be prescribed a spoonful of hot pepper (hot and dry)
Who supported Galen loads and example why
.The church supported his beliefs and defended them from any criticism
.Galen said that the body was a perfectly designed machine, church believed in imago dei so aligned with their views so they supported Galen
Why is the church supporting Galen a big deal?
Church had a massive influence over everyone for a long time, This meant his work was the only authority on medicine for years
Who did Galen perform his dissections on?
Performed his dissections on pigs, monkeys and dogs
Galen’s beliefs on blood and the circulatory system
Said that new blood was replaced after it was burnt up and that there were invisible holes in the septum
What did Sydenham argue doctors and Physicians need
Argued that they need practical hands on experience rather than learning from a book
What did Sydenham come up with the idea of and what did this allow him to do
Developed the idea of species and type in an illness, which allowed him to improve diagnosis
What did Sydenham believe in when it came to diagnosis?
Believed in diagnosis based on symptoms and matching those symptoms to illnesses
What is Andreas Vesalius sometimes known as
The founder of modern anatomy
When did Vessalius release ‘the fabric of the human body’
1543
What did Vessalius do and why was this good
.Dissected executed criminals which allowed him to gain a greater understanding of the human body
.Established importance of dissection in future research of the human body
What was teaching in medical schools like before Galen, what did this make him believe?
.Before him people watched other dissections of humans, by following Galen’s book, but never undertook their own, but he believed that physicians should undertake their own dissections upon humans
What did the printing press allow Vessalius to do?
.Printing press allowed him to print loads of identical copies of his work, so it could be more widely read
Where did Vessalius work?
Padua, Italy
What did Vessalius show about Galens understanding of anatomy?
He showed that Galen had been right about various aspects but also made many mistakes
What did Vessalius show Galen had gotten wrong about the human body?
Galen’s descriptions of liver, jaw, sternum, bile duct and uterus were all wrong
What did Vessaius show about the human Jaw bone and breast bone, which was different to Galens ideas
Vesalius showed that the human Jaw bone was made from 1 bone not 2 and that the breastbone had 3 parts, not 7
Why was Vessalius still opposed?
His evidence was precise and laid out but still had some opposition since he was shattering long held beliefs and questioning expertise
How did Vessalius encourage others, and what did he encourage them to do?
By demonstrating Galen was wrong about some things he encouraged other doctors to undergo their own investigations and dissections
What book did Harvey release in 1628?
An Anatomical Disputation concerning the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Living Creatures
What was An Anatomical Disputation concerning the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Living Creatures about?
described accurately for the first time how blood was pumped around the body by the heart
When was An Anatomical Disputation concerning the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Living Creatures released and by who?
1628 by William Harvey
What did Harvey do?
Disproved Galen’s points about blood, which had been widely accepted for over 1500 years
.His work gave a fundamental understanding on the hearts function inside of the body
Where did Harvey study and work and what as
Studied medicine in Cambridge, England and Padua, Italy before becoming a doctor in London and later serving the King of England Charles I
How did Harvey make his discoveries?
He made his discoveries through dissection, observation and experiments
What were Harvey’s discoveries?
He found that valves in veins only allowed blood to flow towards the heart, he then went on to calculate the volume of blood travelling around the human body in an hour
He also said that blood must be taken away from the heart through arteries and brought back in veins
What were Harvey’s conclusions?
.He concluded that there was too much blood for it to be constantly reproduced, so it must be the same blood being pumped around the body several times an hour
Why were Harvey’s ideas not immediately accepted?
Not immediately accepted by all despite clear observational evidence, since it contradicts the work of Galen which had been taught to medical scholars for centuries
What could Harvey not explain, and how was this eventually solved?
Harvey could not explain how blood moved from the arteries to the veins, capillaries were only discovered when the microscope was developed
How do you know Harvey had good ideas?
Within 50 years his work was being taught in medical schools
What did Harvey pave the way for?
Paved the way for physiology
What is physiology
investigations into the workings of the body
What do physiologists do?
Physiologists build upon Harvey’s work and explain things that he would not have been able to
What did Henry VIII do?
He caused the dissolution of the monastries
What was the dissolution of the monasteries
Henry VIII ordered the closing of the monasteries across England, Wales and Ireland
When was the dissolution of the monasteries?
1536
How long did the dissolution of the monasteries last?
4 years
Why was the dissolution of the monasteries a problem?
In the process many hospitals were lost, so new ones needed to be founded
Since many hospitals were lost in the dissolution of the monasteries, what opened instead?
Charity hospitals were opened
Who staffed charity hospitals?
Volunteer staff
Who were the charity hospitals accessible to?
The poor
Why weren’t charity hospitals that good?
since so many people were ill not everybody received treatment
Describe the disease of small pox
Small pox started as a rash but turned into pus-filled blisters, if these infected the lungs brain or heart then death was certain
Who brought the idea of inoculation to Britain and when?
Mary Wortley Montagu introduced the idea of inoculation to Britain in 1718
Why was inoculation both good and bad?
Inoculation was good since many survived and were protected from future small pox outbreaks but some were not so lucky and also the poor could not afford it
When did Edward Jenner come up with his method of protecting people from small pox?
1796
What was Jenner a key believer in?
He was a key believe in the scientific method (observation and experiment)
What did Jenner realise about dairy maids and what did this lead him to believe?
.He had learnt that Dairy Maids were much less likely to catch small pox, but they did contract a different, weaker disease called cow pox
.Edward was convinced that this cow pox gave them protection from small pox
Who did Jenner test his theory on?
a young boy called James Phipps
What was Jenners experiment and result?
Edward took pus from a cowpox sore and rubbed it on James, this gave him cow pox, he survived and later got given a dosage of small pox, but he did not catch the disease
How many times did Jenner repeat his experiment?
.He repeated the experiment 23 more times
Who refused to publish Jenners ideas so what did he have to do?
The RSS refused to publish his ideas so he had to do it himself
Why were some people against Jenners vaccines?
.Some people were against Jenner as the inoculation business was making them money and they wanted to keep making money
What could Jenner not do and why was this bad?
.Jenner could not explain how or why his vaccination worked, so people could not build upon his work, so the next vaccine wasn’t discovered till 1880
When did the government make vaccinations against smallpox compulsory?
Government made vaccinations compulsory in the 1850’s
Who did Jenner have the backing of?
Had backing of many powerful people, like members of the British royal family and napoleon
When did small pox become eradicated?
The WHO announced the eradication of Small pox in 1980
How big were the microscopes in 1830?
.In 1830 there was a microscope with magnification of 1000x
Could people see bacteria before Pasteur?
could see bacteria, but they did not know what they were
What was the main theory at the time of Pasteur?
Spontaneous generation
What was spontaneous generation
a theory that micro-organisms were created as something decayed – believed that this was also how maggots appeared
What was the main cause of disease believed to be around the time of Pasteur?
Miasma
What nationality was pastuer
french
When did Pasteur question spontaneous generation
1850’s
Who hired Pasteur to do what job which lead to his discovery
.A brewery company had hired him to figure out why all their alcohol as going off so quickly
What did Pasteur see when he looked through a microscope?
When he looked through a microscope he found many microorganisms reproducing frequently
Why did Pasteur call them germs
They were growing so rapidly and multiplying so frequently that he called the ‘germs’ short for ‘germinating’
What did Pasteur begin to suspect after the initial look with a microscope
.He began to suspect that germs were not in fact the product of decay, but more so in fact responsible for it
Where did Pasteur feel the microbes came from in the brewery?
.He felt they may have fallen from the air and dust spores into the brewery’s fermentation tanks
What was Pasteurs experiment and conclusion
he put a nutrient rich broth into the swan neck glass, he boiled it to kill off the existing micro-organisms, if the flask remained upright the contents remained unaffected, but if he broke the neck of the glass to allow micro-organisms in the broth would turn sour and the germs would quickly multiply
What did Pasteur find with air and how it affected his experiment
.He tested the experiment on different airs around France and found that clean dust free air caused less fermentation than dirty city air
When did Pasteur publish ‘Germ Theory’
1861
What where the 4 parts to ‘germ theory’
The air is full of microbes, there are more microbes in some areas, microbes can decay and they can be killed by heating
How is Pasteur’s idea of killing microbes with fire still in today’s life
His ideas of killing the microbes with fire have influenced modern life, even in the process of killing bacteria in the milk industry (even shares his name ‘pasteurisation’) this slow heating makes milk safer to drink
What did Pasteur prove in 1865 and what did this lead him to believe
In 1865 he proved that the was a disease killing silkworms that were needed for the silk industry
.This lead him to believing that germs and microorganisms lead to humans being kill
What else did Pasteur had a role in and how did he start
.He also had a role in the field of immunology, the development of new vaccines – he began with chicken choler which was a big problem for French farmers at the time
Who was the chicken cholera vaccine discoverer
.Discovered by chance by Charles Chamberland, a member of Pasteur’s team
Describe how the chicken cholera vaccine was discvovered
Charles Chamberland,
.He was given a liquid culture of the disease to inject into the chickens before he went on holiday
.He forgot and did it as soon as he got back, but the chickens did not contract the disease and when infected with a fresher version they did not die
.His team realised that the air had weakened the germs to the point where they did not kill but instead gave immunity
Context on Koch
Born in Germany in 1853 and greatly admired the work of Pasteur, especially his germ theory
