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GCSE Edexcel History 9-1 > American West Dates > Flashcards

American West Dates Flashcards

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1
Q

How many horses did the Hunkpapa Sioux have in 1870

A

3,500

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2
Q

Indian Removal Act, date and describe

A

28th May 1830

Forced Indians to move west of the Mississippi River Over 46,000 moved

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3
Q

Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, date and describe

A

30th June 1843
Sets out a frontier (border) between US and Indian territory
Stopped whites from settling on Indian lands
Prevented the sale of any guns or alcohol to Indians by white traders
The frontier was guarded

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4
Q

The US victory in the Mexican-American war, date and describe

A

2nd February 1848
Gained territory such as california
Now meant that Indians were in the middle of US land

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5
Q

Indian Appropriations act, date and describe

A

29th Feb 1851 Funded the moving of American Indians to reservations in modern-day Oklahoma

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6
Q

Economic crash, date and describe

A

1837
Encouraged people to move westwards
Unemployment as high as 25% in some areas

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7
Q

Oregon Trail first publicized, date and describe

A

1825 by Jedidiah Smith
First used by fur-trappers
Enabled large family groups to move westwards

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8
Q

Transcontinental replaces Oregon Trail as the main method for traveling west, date

A

1869

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9
Q

By 1846 how many people had migrated west along the Oregon trail?

A

5,000

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10
Q

Gold rush, date and describe

A

April 1849
100,000 people left the east for California
Most unsuccessful

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11
Q

Californias population in 1855

A

300,000

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12
Q

The Donner Party, date and describe

A

1846
300 migrants led by the Donner brothers
Well equipped but a lot of elderly people
The group split at Fort Bridger in the Rocky Mountains
Both brothers decided to try the new shortcut
Lansford Hastings had not actually tried this route himself
The short cut took longer
By mid-October, the party had only reached the Sierra Nevada mountains
Livestock died and they were trapped
40 died, including George Donner

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13
Q

When were the Mormons ordered to leave Illinois? Why?

A

1845 because they were receiving a lot of hate and rioters had murdered their leader Joseph Smith

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14
Q

The Successful Mormon Migration, date and describe

A

1846-47
Mormons stayed at Omaha till Spring to avoid hard Winter
The advance party was well supplied with enough food for a year and a portable boat to help with river crossings
The advance party planted crops and found water sources
Young organized a count of all the Mormons before they left, finding 3,000 families and 2,500 wagons
Young consulted trail guides and the Mormons were divided into manageable groups
Young taught the migrants how to form their wagons into a circle to keep livestock safe, regular resting stops planned

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15
Q

When did farmers in California and Oregon begin exporting grain to Europe? Why?

A

1850’s because they were producing so much wheat as the conditions were great for farming

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16
Q

When did settlement begin on the great plains? Example

A

1850’s
New territories of Kansas and Nebraska opened up behind the permanent Indian Frontier
The US government opened them up for settlement

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17
Q

Fort Laramie treaty, date and describe

A

1851
.Problems between the settlers and Indians meant the government had to step in and make a treaty
.Problems from the start as the Indians and government worked in different ways - each tribe was told to bring 1 chief to represent them, but they don’t work like this so some didn’t attend, they also tried to agree on boundries, but this isn’t how Indians use the land)
.The main terms were:
The government would protect Indians from white Americans
The government would pay them $50,000 a year if they kept to the terms
Indians would allow the government to build roads on their land
Plains Indians would end fighting between the tribes
Indians would permit railroad companies to enter their lands safely
.Treaty failed as Indians kept fighting and migrants did not stick to the trail

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18
Q

Famine in China, date and consequence

A

1952

Increased migration of Chinese from 2,000 in 1851 to 20,000 in 1852

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19
Q

San Fransisco Crimewave, date and describe

A

1851

Unemployment and racist crimes increased

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20
Q

Vigilantes in San Francisco, date and describe

A

1851

Ordinary citizens who punished criminals came about

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21
Q

American Civil War, date and describe

A

1861
Southern states left the US which led to the Civil War
1865
The Union defeated the Confederacy

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22
Q

The Homestead Act, date and describe

A

May 1862
Made plots of land smaller and more affordable
Plots were 160 acres
Cost $10 to register a claim
They had to live on the land and work on it
If after 5 years they had built a house and planted 5 acres of crops they could pay $30 (proving up) and own their homestead

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23
Q

How many acres of land had been ‘proved up’ by 1884?

A

13 million acres

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24
Q

How many acres of government land had successfully become homesteads in 1878?

A

6 million

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25
Q

The Pacific Railroad Act, date and describe

A

July 1862
Two companies Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Union started in Omaha and built West, Central started in California and built east
The Act extinguished the rights that any Plains Indians held to any land across that route
Railroad companies used marketing to get people to settle on their lands, 10,000 Scandinavians settled in Nebraska and 60,000 Germans in Kansas

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26
Q

By 1880 how many acres had the railroad companies settled in the west?

A

200 million, more than the homestead act

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27
Q

New inventions before 1976

A

Still in development and not widely used

28
Q

‘Self-governing’ windmill, date and describe

A

1854

Pumped water out the ground

29
Q

Steel blade windmills, date and describe

A

1870

Stand up better in prairie winds but not powerful enough to pump up water from deep wells

30
Q

Barbed wire, date and describe

A

1874
Used to fence off crops and livestock
Not widely used until 1880
Early types were weak, rusted easily and expensive

31
Q

Sulky Plough, date and describe

A

1975
Used to plow up the tough weeds and prairie grass on the Great Plains
50,000 sold within the first 6 years
Walking plows were more widely used
Early sulkies were unstable and could tip up

32
Q

The Timber Culture Act, date and describe

A

1873
Allowed a homesteader to claim another 160 acres of land as long as the promised to plant trees on one-quarter of it
Trees acted as a windbreaker for crops and provide settlers with timber for building houses

33
Q

How many acres of land had been claimed under The Timber Culture Act by 1878?

A

16 million acres

34
Q

Thomas Smith, date and describe

A

1870
Abilene hired him as the town marshall
Banned guns and had a harsh reputation
By November he was shot and killed with an axe

35
Q

‘Wild Bill’ Hickok

A

April 1871
Abilene returned to lawlessness again until he was appointed as the town marshall
He did little to enforce the law and was sacked

36
Q

Reno Gang train robbery, date and describe

A

1866
They stole $16,000 from a train
The gang was made up of Civil war deserters, con-men and thieves

37
Q

Cattle Industry 1836

A

This is when Texas became independent from Mexico
The Texan cowboys herded the cows on long drives to the north
There were issues with Texas fever and quarantine laws

38
Q

What was the cattle industry like after the civil war?

A

Longhorn cattle numbers boomed
$40 for a cow in Chicago but only $5 in Texas
Cattle would be driven to the north but Kansa farmers prevented them from going there due to Texas fever

39
Q

Goodnight-loving trail, date and describe

A

1866
Established by Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving
New markets in the West near fort summer
They made $12,000 in their first drive

40
Q

Joseph McCoy, date and describe

A 
1867
Purchased 450 acres of land in Abilene
Used as a transit point (first cow town)
100 railway cars would be loaded
Chisolm trail used to get there
By the end of 1867 35,000 cattle had been driven along the Chisolm Trail to Abilene
41
Q

John Illif 1866

A

Bought land for a ranch near Denver

42
Q

John Illif 1870

A

He had built up a huge herd on the Colorado plains, 26,000

He became a millionaire selling beef to mining towns

43
Q

John Illif 1872

A

Won a contract to provide beef to 7,000 Sioux reservation

44
Q

Beef Bonanza

A 
1870
The west was desperate for beef
It became the new way to get rich on the plains
Large ranches and enormous cattle
One consequence was cattle barons
45
Q

Gold discovered in Montana, date and describe

A

1862
The quickest route was the Bozeman trail
This led to Red Clouds war

46
Q

President Grants ‘peace policy’, date and describe

A

1868
Aimed to calm tensions
Replaced corrupt agents with religious men
Ely Parker (an Indian) was made commissioner of Indian Affairs
He said Indians should be treated as ‘helpless and ignorant wards’
Led to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871, which made it easier for the government to take land

47
Q

Little Crows war, date

A

1862

48
Q

The Sand Creek Massacre, date

A

1864

49
Q

Red Clouds war, date

A

1866-68

50
Q

When were problems on the plain for homesteaders becoming more manageable?

A

1890’s

51
Q

Dry farming popular, date

A

1890’s

52
Q

all metal wind pumps developed, date

A

1880’s

53
Q

Fall for demand in beef, date

A

1880’s

54
Q

The great die up, date

A

1886-87

55
Q

Exoduster movement, date and how many had moved to Kansas and Missouri by end of the year?

A

1879 and 40,000

56
Q

Oklahoma land rush, date how many acres opened up in the first year?

A

8 million

57
Q

When was Billy the kid alive?

A

1859-1881

58
Q

Wyatt Earp and the OK Corral, date

A

1881

59
Q

Johnson County war, date

A

1892

60
Q

Battle of little big horn, date

A

1876

61
Q

The wounded knee massacre, date

A

1890

62
Q

The northern herd of buffalo killed off, date

A

1883

63
Q

Special courts took away the power of the chiefs to judge and punish, date

A

1883

64
Q

Chiefs courts replaced by US federal ones, date

A

1885

65
Q

Dawes Act, date

A

1887

66
Q

By what point had plains Indians lost half the land they held in 1887

A

1890

67
Q

When did the Indian frontier close

A

1890

GCSE Edexcel History 9-1 (45 decks)

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