Medications & Mechanism of Action Flashcards
Acetaminophen
May work peripherally to block pain impulse generation and inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
AcetaZOLAMIDE (Diamox, Diamox Sequels)
Inhibits hydrogen ion excretion in the renal tubules, increasing sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and water excertion and producing alkaline diuresis
Acetic Acid (Vinegar)
Provides an acidic medium during irrigation of the ear that minimizes bacterial and fungal promulgation | Stabilizes nematocyst discharge in jellyfish found outside the United States, which would decrease the pain
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Acetadote)
Restores glutathione concentrations within the liver; Glutathione, an antioxidant, has many actions in the body, including detoxifying substances
Activated charcoal
Adsorbs ingested toxic substances from the GI tract
Adenosine (Adenocard)
Short-acting drug that slows conduction through the AV node; Restore sinus rhythm in patients with SVT and Terminates regular tachycardias caused by reentrant AV nodal pathways
Albumin (Albumarc, Albutein, Flexbumin)
Oncotically similar to human plasma; Causes the body to shift approximately 3.5 times the amount administered into the intravascular space
Albuterol
Selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist that causes bronchia smooth muscle relaxation and inhibits mediator release from mast cells
Amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone)
Blocks sodium, potassium, and calcium channels; Prolongs the action potential’s duration and Delays repolarization; Decreases AV conduction and sinoatrial (SA) node function
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
Prevents thromboxane A2 formation to prevent platelet aggregation and plug formations | Has antipyretic and analgesic properties
Atropine sulfate
Inhibits acetylcholine at postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector sites | Increases heart rate in symptomatic bradydysrhythmias | Reverses muscarinic effects of cholinergic poisoning
Benzocaine Spray (Hurricane)
Prevents impulse transmission along sensory nerve fibers and at nerve endings
Bumetanide (Bumex)
A potent loop diuretic with a rapid onset and short duration of action | Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Calcium chloride
Mineral component of bones and teeth; Cofactor in enzymatic reactions and affects the secretory activity of endocrine and exocrine glands; Essential for neurotransmission, blood clotting, and contraction of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles
Calcium gluconate
Mineral component of bones and teeth; Cofactor in enzymatic reactions and affects the secretory activity of endocrine and exocrine glands; Essential for neurotransmission, blood clotting, and contraction of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles
Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Blocks the effects of histamine at H2 receptors of gastric parietal cells, leading to a reduction of gastric acid volumn and gastric aciditiy
Hetastarch (Hespan)
A starch-containing colloid used as an intravascular volume expander | Following administration, the plasma volume is expanded slightly more than the volume of Hetastarch; this effect has been overved for up to 24 to 36 hours | Hetastarch increases intravascular volume by virtue of its colloid osmotic pressure
Plasma Protein Fraction (Plasmanate)
Protein-containing colloid that remains in the intravascular compartment | Increases intravascular volume by attracting water from other fluid compartments by virtue of its colloid osmotic pressure
0.9% Sodium Chloride (Normal Saline)
Replaces water and electrolytes
0.45% Sodium Chloride
Replaces water and electrolytes
Lactated Ringer Solution (Hartmann Solution)
Replaces water and electrolytes
3% Sodium Chloride (Hypertonic Saline)
Osmotic effect allows fluid to cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing the amount of fluid in the cranial cavity and decreasing the ICP
5% Dextrose in 0.45% Sodium Chloride
Replaces free water and electrolytes and provides nutrients in the form of dextrose
5% Dextrose in 0.9% Sodium Chloride
Replaces free water and electrolytes and provides nutrients in the form of dextrose
5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer Solution
Replaces free water and electrolytes and provides nutrients in the form of dextrose
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Replenishes electrolyte and nutrients
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Decadron)
Suppresses acute and chronic inflammation; Immunosuppressive effects
Dextran
A sugar-containing colloid used as an intravascular volume expander | Remains in the intravascular compartment for approximately 12 hours | Increases intravascular volume by attracting water from other fluid compartments by virtue of its colloid osmotic pressure
Bacteriostatic Water
Works as a solvent or dilutional agent
5% Dextrose in Water
Provides nutrients in the form of dextrose as well as free water
10% Dextrose in Water
Provides nutrients in the form of dextrose as well as free water
Dextrose
Rapidly increases serum glucose levels | Short-term osmotic diuresis
Diazepam (Valium, Diastate, AcuDial)
Appears to act on part of the limbic system, as well as on the thalamus and hypothalamus, to induce a calming effect; Inhibits GABA receptors in the CNS, reducing neuron excitability; Raises the seizure threshold; and Induces amnesia and sedation
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
(not listed per textbook)
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Diltiaz)
Inhibits extracellular calcium ion influx across membranes of myocardial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in inhibition of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle coontraction and therby dilating the main coronary and sestemic arteries | No effect on serum calcium concentrations | Substantial inhibitory effects on the cardiac conduction system, acting principally at the AV node, w/ some effects at the SA node | Less-negative inotropic effects than verapamil
DiphenhydrAMINE HCl (Benadryl)
Blocks H1 receptors in the respiratory tract, blood vessels, and GI smooth muscle | Reverses extrapyramidal reactions
DOBUTamine Hydrochloride (Dobutrex)
Synthetic catecholamine that primarily simulates beta-1 receptors with minor stimulation of beta-2 and alpha-1 receptors | Increases myocardial contractility and stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output w/ modest chronotropic effects | Increases renal blood flow secondary to increased cardiac output
DOPamine Hydrochloride (Intropin)
Immediate metabolic precursor to norepinephrine (and dose-depandent effects w/ alpha adrenergic, beta adrenergic, and dompaminergic)| Doses of 1 to 2 mcg/kg/min simulate dopamine receptors; causes vasodilation in the renal, mesenteric, coronary, and intracerebral vascular beds | Doses of 2 to 10 mcg/kg/min simulate beta-1 receptors; increases myocardial contractility and enhancing cardiac impulse conduction | Doses of 10 to 20 mcg/kg/min simulate alpha receptors; resulting in vasoconstriction, increased systemic vascular resistence, and increase in BP | Doses greater than 20 mcg/kg/min, alpha stimulations predominate; resultant vasoconstriction can compromise circulation in the limbs
Droperidol (Inaspine)
Produces marked tranquilization and sedation | Reduces motor activity and anxiety | Possesses adrenergic-blocking, antifibrillatory, antihistaminic, and anticonvulsive properties
EPINEPHrine
Catecholamine with strong alpha adrenergic, strong beta-1, and moderate beta-2 effects | Effects of alpha stimulation result in systemic vasoconstriction, increasing perpheral vascular resistance | Effects of the beta-1 stimulation result in increases in heart rate, myocardial ocntractility, cardiac output, and myocardial oxygen demand | Effects of beta-2 stimulation result in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation | Secondary relaxation effect on the smooth muscle of the stomach, intestine, uterus, and urinary bladder