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ANAT 392 - Len > Mediastinum and heart > Flashcards

Mediastinum and heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the landmark to distinguish between superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

TIV-TV intervertebral disc or sternal angle

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2
Q

What is located in the anterior mediastinum ?

A

loose connective tissue, the thymus in individuals under 25~

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3
Q

What is located in the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart and major blood vessels

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4
Q

What are some of the main structures located in the superior mediastinum?

A
  1. trachea
  2. esophagus
  3. arch of aorta
  4. brachio-cephalic veins
  5. thymus
  6. vagus nerves
  7. recurrent laryngeal nerves
  8. azygus veins
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5
Q

What two veins form the brachiocephalic vein

?

A

internal jugular and subclavian vein

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6
Q

What 5 structures does the posterior mediastinum contain?

A
  1. descending aorta
  2. esophagus
  3. sympathetic chains
  4. azygus vein
  5. thoracic duct
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7
Q

What arteries bran directly from the thoracic aorta?

A

posterior intercostals

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8
Q

What is the specific name given to the sympathetic chain ganglia in the posterior mediastinum?

A

paravertebral ganglia

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9
Q

A ________ = a cluster or sympathetic neuron cell bodies

A

ganglion

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10
Q

The _______ nerves branch off the sympathetic chain ganglia towards the midline.

A

splanchnic

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11
Q

What do the splanchnic nerves supply?

A

abdominal and pelvic viscera

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12
Q

Do the splanchnic nerves supply thoracic viscera?

A

NO

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13
Q

Where are the pre-vertebral ganglion located?

A

in front of vertebral column

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14
Q

The series of veins that drain the thoracic wall are called the ________ veins.

A

azygus

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15
Q

What veins do the intercostal veins drain into?

A

azygus

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16
Q

What two sets of veins collectively drain the left side of the thorax?

A

accessory hemiazygus and hemiazygus

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17
Q

Where does the azgus vein drain into?

A

superior vena cava

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18
Q

The _______ duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body.

A

thoracic

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19
Q

The thoracic duct drains the lymph from the entire body except?

A
  1. right upper limb
  2. right half of upper head and neck
  3. right half of the chest
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20
Q

Where does the upper right angle of the heart sit?

A

right 2nd intercostal space, one inch away from the sternum

21
Q

Where does the upper left angle of the heart sit?

A

left 2nd intercostal space, 1 inch away from sternum

22
Q

Where does the lower right angle of the heart sit?

A

right 5th intercostal space, 1 inch away from sternum

23
Q

Where does the lower left angle of the heart sit?

A

left 5th intercostal space, 3 inches away from sternum

24
Q

What are the 3 layers of the connective tissue surrounding the heart?

A
  1. fibrous pericardium
  2. parietal serous pericardium
  3. visceral serous
25
Q

The _____ layer reflects on itself to form the _______ layer.

A

parietal; visceral

26
Q

The ________ cavity is where the serous fluid is held.

A

pericardial

27
Q

The _______ surface is in touch with the sternum and ribs .

A

anterior (sternocostal)

28
Q

What surfaces are in touch with the lungs?

A

right and left pulmonary surfaces

29
Q

What surface is in touch with the diaphragm?

A

inferior diaphragmatic surfaces

30
Q

What surface is opposite to the apex?

A

posterior or base

31
Q

What vein is located in the anterior interventricular groove?

A

great cardiac

32
Q

What vein is located in the posterior interventricular groove?

A

middle

33
Q

What vein is located by the right margin?

A

lesser/small

34
Q

In ___% of normal population, the fossa ovalis never closes.

A

15

35
Q

The trabeculae carceae give rise to finger like projections called ______ ______.

A

papillary muscles

36
Q

What are the chordae tendineae attached to?

A

valves and papillary muscles

37
Q

The ___ node initiates electrical impulses that are passed to the ___ node.

A

SA; AV

38
Q

The AV node passes electrical impulses through the AV ______ into the ventricles. via the L and R bundle of ___.

A

bundles; His

39
Q

What are the projections the bundle of His called?

A

purkinje fibers

40
Q

Where do the L and R coronary arteries arise from

?

A

ascending aorta

41
Q

What is the branch off the right coronary ?

A

posterior inter ventricular a.

42
Q

What are the two branches off the left coronary artery ?

A
  1. anterior inter ventricular aa.

2. circumflex

43
Q

During what phase of the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries receive blood supply?

A

diastole

44
Q

In ___ % of normal population, the R coronary artery is more important.

A

70

45
Q

In ___% of the normal population, the L coronary is more important

A

25

46
Q

In ___% of the normal population, both R and L coronary arteries are equally important

A

5

47
Q

Severe pain due to schema of cardiac muscle usually refers to the ____ and ___ arm.

A

chest; left

48
Q

Sensory autonomic innervation of the heart returns to T__-T___ segments, which also relieve somatic sensory nerves from what two areas?

A

1-4; chest and arm

ANAT 392 - Len (25 decks)

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