Mediastinum and heart Flashcards
What is the landmark to distinguish between superior and inferior mediastinum?
TIV-TV intervertebral disc or sternal angle
What is located in the anterior mediastinum ?
loose connective tissue, the thymus in individuals under 25~
What is located in the middle mediastinum?
Heart and major blood vessels
What are some of the main structures located in the superior mediastinum?
- trachea
- esophagus
- arch of aorta
- brachio-cephalic veins
- thymus
- vagus nerves
- recurrent laryngeal nerves
- azygus veins
What two veins form the brachiocephalic vein
?
internal jugular and subclavian vein
What 5 structures does the posterior mediastinum contain?
- descending aorta
- esophagus
- sympathetic chains
- azygus vein
- thoracic duct
What arteries bran directly from the thoracic aorta?
posterior intercostals
What is the specific name given to the sympathetic chain ganglia in the posterior mediastinum?
paravertebral ganglia
A ________ = a cluster or sympathetic neuron cell bodies
ganglion
The _______ nerves branch off the sympathetic chain ganglia towards the midline.
splanchnic
What do the splanchnic nerves supply?
abdominal and pelvic viscera
Do the splanchnic nerves supply thoracic viscera?
NO
Where are the pre-vertebral ganglion located?
in front of vertebral column
The series of veins that drain the thoracic wall are called the ________ veins.
azygus
What veins do the intercostal veins drain into?
azygus
What two sets of veins collectively drain the left side of the thorax?
accessory hemiazygus and hemiazygus
Where does the azgus vein drain into?
superior vena cava
The _______ duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body.
thoracic
The thoracic duct drains the lymph from the entire body except?
- right upper limb
- right half of upper head and neck
- right half of the chest
Where does the upper right angle of the heart sit?
right 2nd intercostal space, one inch away from the sternum
Where does the upper left angle of the heart sit?
left 2nd intercostal space, 1 inch away from sternum
Where does the lower right angle of the heart sit?
right 5th intercostal space, 1 inch away from sternum
Where does the lower left angle of the heart sit?
left 5th intercostal space, 3 inches away from sternum
What are the 3 layers of the connective tissue surrounding the heart?
- fibrous pericardium
- parietal serous pericardium
- visceral serous
The _____ layer reflects on itself to form the _______ layer.
parietal; visceral
The ________ cavity is where the serous fluid is held.
pericardial
The _______ surface is in touch with the sternum and ribs .
anterior (sternocostal)
What surfaces are in touch with the lungs?
right and left pulmonary surfaces
What surface is in touch with the diaphragm?
inferior diaphragmatic surfaces
What surface is opposite to the apex?
posterior or base
What vein is located in the anterior interventricular groove?
great cardiac
What vein is located in the posterior interventricular groove?
middle
What vein is located by the right margin?
lesser/small
In ___% of normal population, the fossa ovalis never closes.
15
The trabeculae carceae give rise to finger like projections called ______ ______.
papillary muscles
What are the chordae tendineae attached to?
valves and papillary muscles
The ___ node initiates electrical impulses that are passed to the ___ node.
SA; AV
The AV node passes electrical impulses through the AV ______ into the ventricles. via the L and R bundle of ___.
bundles; His
What are the projections the bundle of His called?
purkinje fibers
Where do the L and R coronary arteries arise from
?
ascending aorta
What is the branch off the right coronary ?
posterior inter ventricular a.
What are the two branches off the left coronary artery ?
- anterior inter ventricular aa.
2. circumflex
During what phase of the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries receive blood supply?
diastole
In ___ % of normal population, the R coronary artery is more important.
70
In ___% of the normal population, the L coronary is more important
25
In ___% of the normal population, both R and L coronary arteries are equally important
5
Severe pain due to schema of cardiac muscle usually refers to the ____ and ___ arm.
chest; left
Sensory autonomic innervation of the heart returns to T__-T___ segments, which also relieve somatic sensory nerves from what two areas?
1-4; chest and arm
