Mediastinum and heart

Question 1

What is the landmark to distinguish between superior and inferior mediastinum?

Answer 1

TIV-TV intervertebral disc or sternal angle

Question 2

What is located in the anterior mediastinum ?

Answer 2

loose connective tissue, the thymus in individuals under 25~

Question 3

What is located in the middle mediastinum?

Answer 3

Heart and major blood vessels

Question 4

What are some of the main structures located in the superior mediastinum?

Answer 4

1. trachea
2. esophagus
3. arch of aorta
4. brachio-cephalic veins
5. thymus
6. vagus nerves
7. recurrent laryngeal nerves
8. azygus veins

Question 5

What two veins form the brachiocephalic vein

?

Answer 5

internal jugular and subclavian vein

Question 6

What 5 structures does the posterior mediastinum contain?

Answer 6

1. descending aorta
2. esophagus
3. sympathetic chains
4. azygus vein
5. thoracic duct

Question 7

What arteries bran directly from the thoracic aorta?

Answer 7

posterior intercostals

Question 8

What is the specific name given to the sympathetic chain ganglia in the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 8

paravertebral ganglia

Question 9

A ________ = a cluster or sympathetic neuron cell bodies

Answer 9

ganglion

Question 10

The _______ nerves branch off the sympathetic chain ganglia towards the midline.

Answer 10

splanchnic

Question 11

What do the splanchnic nerves supply?

Answer 11

abdominal and pelvic viscera

Question 12

Do the splanchnic nerves supply thoracic viscera?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

Where are the pre-vertebral ganglion located?

Answer 13

in front of vertebral column

Question 14

The series of veins that drain the thoracic wall are called the ________ veins.

Answer 14

azygus

Question 15

What veins do the intercostal veins drain into?

Answer 15

azygus

Question 16

What two sets of veins collectively drain the left side of the thorax?

Answer 16

accessory hemiazygus and hemiazygus

Question 17

Where does the azgus vein drain into?

Answer 17

superior vena cava

Question 18

The _______ duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body.

Answer 18

thoracic

Question 19

The thoracic duct drains the lymph from the entire body except?

Answer 19

1. right upper limb
2. right half of upper head and neck
3. right half of the chest

Question 20

Where does the upper right angle of the heart sit?

Answer 20

right 2nd intercostal space, one inch away from the sternum

Question 21

Where does the upper left angle of the heart sit?

Answer 21

left 2nd intercostal space, 1 inch away from sternum

Question 22

Where does the lower right angle of the heart sit?

Answer 22

right 5th intercostal space, 1 inch away from sternum

Question 23

Where does the lower left angle of the heart sit?

Answer 23

left 5th intercostal space, 3 inches away from sternum

Question 24

What are the 3 layers of the connective tissue surrounding the heart?

Answer 24

1. fibrous pericardium
2. parietal serous pericardium
3. visceral serous

Question 25

The _____ layer reflects on itself to form the _______ layer.

Answer 25

parietal; visceral

Question 26

The ________ cavity is where the serous fluid is held.

Answer 26

pericardial

Question 27

The _______ surface is in touch with the sternum and ribs .

Answer 27

anterior (sternocostal)

Question 28

What surfaces are in touch with the lungs?

Answer 28

right and left pulmonary surfaces

Question 29

What surface is in touch with the diaphragm?

Answer 29

inferior diaphragmatic surfaces

Question 30

What surface is opposite to the apex?

Answer 30

posterior or base

Question 31

What vein is located in the anterior interventricular groove?

Answer 31

great cardiac

Question 32

What vein is located in the posterior interventricular groove?

Answer 32

middle

Question 33

What vein is located by the right margin?

Answer 33

lesser/small

Question 34

In ___% of normal population, the fossa ovalis never closes.

Answer 34

15

Question 35

The trabeculae carceae give rise to finger like projections called ______ ______.

Answer 35

papillary muscles

Question 36

What are the chordae tendineae attached to?

Answer 36

valves and papillary muscles

Question 37

The ___ node initiates electrical impulses that are passed to the ___ node.

Answer 37

SA; AV

Question 38

The AV node passes electrical impulses through the AV ______ into the ventricles. via the L and R bundle of ___.

Answer 38

bundles; His

Question 39

What are the projections the bundle of His called?

Answer 39

purkinje fibers

Question 40

Where do the L and R coronary arteries arise from | ?

Answer 40

ascending aorta

Question 41

What is the branch off the right coronary ?

Answer 41

posterior inter ventricular a.

Question 42

What are the two branches off the left coronary artery ?

Answer 42

1. anterior inter ventricular aa. | 2. circumflex

Question 43

During what phase of the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries receive blood supply?

Answer 43

diastole

Question 44

In ___ % of normal population, the R coronary artery is more important.

Answer 44

70

Question 45

In ___% of the normal population, the L coronary is more important

Answer 45

25

Question 46

In ___% of the normal population, both R and L coronary arteries are equally important

Answer 46

5

Question 47

Severe pain due to schema of cardiac muscle usually refers to the ____ and ___ arm.

Answer 47

chest; left

Question 48

Sensory autonomic innervation of the heart returns to T__-T___ segments, which also relieve somatic sensory nerves from what two areas?

Answer 48

1-4; chest and arm